Chapter 6 Flashcards
What do the colors an element is written in stand for?
- Black: Solid at room temp
- Red: Gas at room temp
- Blue: Liquid at room temp
- Grey: Do not exist in nature
What does the vertical column of numbers on a element on the periodic table stand for?
-The number of electrons in each occupied energy level
Noble Gases
- The elements in Group 8A of the periodic table
- Also called inert gases because rarely take part in chemical reaction
- The s and p sublevels (if they have a p sublevel) are completely filled with electrons
Representative Elements
- Group 1A to 7A on the periodic table
- Called this because have a wide range of physical and chemical properties
- Are either metals, metalloids or nonmetals
- Most are solids, some are gases, and only one (bromine) is a liquid at room temp.
- The s and p sublevels of the highest energy level are not filled
Transition Elements
- All the Group B elements (entire D block)
- Two types: Transition metals and inner transition metals
- Used to be referred to as “rare earth metals”–> misleading because some transition metals are more abundant than other elements, and some inner transition metals cannot be found in nature
Transition Metals
- Part of Group B on the periodic table
- Displayed in the main body of the periodic table
- The highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel contain electrons
- Characterized y the presence of electrons in d orbitals
Inner Transition Metals
- Below the main body of the periodic table
- The highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby f sublevel generally contains electrons
- Characterized by the presence of electrons in f orbitals
Alkali metal
-Any metal in Group 1A of the periodic table
Alkaline Earth Metal
- Any metal in Group 2A of the periodic table
Halogen
-A nonmetal in Group 7 of the periodic table
Periodic tables contain what?
- Each element’s name
- Symbol
- Atomic number
- Atomic mass
- Number of electrons in each energy level
How can an elements electron configuration be determined?
-By its location on the periodic table
Atomic Radius
- One-half of the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined
- Measured in picometers
Ion
- An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge
- Form when electrons are transferred between atoms
- Positive ion: Cation
- Negative Ion: Anion
Cation Charge
- Positive
- Written as the number for the charge and a plus sign
- If the charge is 1, just used a plus sign
Anion Charge
- Negative Charge
- Usually written as the number of the charge and a negative sign
- If the charge is 1, just a negative sign is used
What type of elements tend to form anions, and what type of elements tend to form cations?
- Nonmetals form anions
- Metals form cations
Ionization Energy
- The energy required to remove an electron from an atom
First ionization Energy
-The energy required to remove the first electron from an atom
Who made the periodic table
- Dimitri Mendeleev
- Ordered in increasing atomic mass
Cations are always…
smaller than the atoms from which they form
-size decreases across period
Anions are always…
larger than the atoms from which they form
-size decreases across period
Ionic Size
-The size of an atom after receiving or removing an electron(s)
Electronegativity
- The ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound or molecule
- Lowest .7, highest 4.0
Electron Shielding
- The one of the two forces that effect atomic size
- how electrons are attracted to the nucleus
- the more the valence electrons are blocked from the nucleus by other electrons
- This makes atoms larger^^
- Electron Shielding is dominant over Nuclear Charge
- constant across period, increases across group
Metals
- 80% of periodic table
- Good conductors of heat and electricity (best= silver, second best= copper)
- Freshly cleaned metal will have a sheen (can reflect light)
- All metals are a solid @ room temp. (except mercury)
- Metals= ductile (can be turned into wire)
- Most metals= malleable ( able to be made into sheets without breaking)
Nonmetals
- Most nonmetals are gases @ room temp
- few= solids (phosphorus, sulfur)
- Nonmetal that is liquid= bromine
- Because of many different types of nonmetals, no set characteristics
- Hard non-metals (diamond), brittle (break if hit)nonmetals (phosphorus)
- Poor conductors of heat & electricity
Metalloids
- Has properties similar to metals and nonmetals
- Under some conditions, act like metals, in other conditions act like nonmetals
- Poor conductor of electricity
Core electrons
- The electrons blocking the valence electrons
- Part of the inner energy levels
Nuclear Charge
- One of the two forces that effect atomic size
- How the nucleus attracts electrons
- does not effect valence electrons if other energy levels w/ electrons block them
- makes atoms smaller becuz of this^^^
- increases across period and group
Direction of group and period
- group: vertical
- period horizontal
Trend: Decreases group, increases period
- Ionization energy
- Electronegativity
Trend:Increases group, decreases period
- Atomic size
- Ionic size
