Ch. 1 and 2 Flashcards
Chemsitry
-Study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
Matter
-Anything that has mass and occupies space
What are the 5 areas of study for Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Biochemistry
- Analytical Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
-The study of all chemicals containing carbon
Inorganic Chemistry
-The study of chemical in general do not contain carbon
Biochemistry
-The study processes that take place in living organisms
Analytical Chemistry
-Study that focuses on the composition of matter
Physical chemistry
-Area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change
Pure Chemistry
-Pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake
Applied Chemistry
-Research that is direct toward a practical goal or application
What are alchemists?
- The people who used chemicals for medical, spiritual, and magical purposes
- Alchemy is known as a proto-science
Goals of Alchemists
- To create the philosophers stone
- Transmute base metals into noble metals (gold or silver)
- Develop an elixir of life
When did alchemy stop being respected?
- By the 1600’s alchemy was thought to be practiced by scam artists and con-men
Who ushered Alchemy into the modern age and when?
- Robert Boyle
- 1661
- He used logical, quantifiable, and reliable way to study matter, which later parallel our modern use of the scientific method
How did chemistry emerge?
-By the 1700’s chemistry emerged from alchemy and distanced itself from religion, magic, and superstition
Who established the scientific method?
- Boyle and Newton
- Esablished the scientific method as a standard to study the natural world
Scientific Method
-A logical systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
Observation
-Using your sense to obtain information
Hypothesis
- Proposed explanation for an observation
- 2 hyptohesis’: what will happen (hypothesis) and what will not happen (null hypothesis)
Experiment
-A procedure used to test a hypothesis
Independent Variable
-The variable that you change during an experiment
Dependent Variable
-The variable that is observed during the experiment
Model
- A representation of an object or event
- Chemists use models to study chemical reactions and processes
Theory
-A well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations
Scientific law
-Summarizes the results of man observations and experiments
Conclusion
-To make judgements based off observations
-also called assuptions
Ex: When paper burns, ash and CO2 is formed
Extensive properties
- A property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
- Includes:
- Mass
- Weight
- Volume
- Length
Mass
-The amount of matter an object contains
Volume
-A measure of the space occupied by an object
Intensive properties
- Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter present
- Examples: Color, Odor, Conductivity, hardness, Melting/Freezing point, Boiling point
Solids
-A form of matter that has a definite shape and volume
Liquids
-A form of matter that had an indefinite shape, flows, and yet had a fixed volume
Gas
-A form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container
Physical Change
-Some properties of the material change, but the composition of the material does not change
Chemical Change
-Any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances
Mixture
- A physical blend of two or more components
- Most samples of matter are mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixtures
-A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout
Homogeneous Mixture
- A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout
- Ex: Olive Oil, Vinegar
- Many are liquids but some are gases, like air, and some are solids, like stainless steel
Solution
-Another name for a homogeneous mixture
Phase
- Used to describe any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties
- Ex: Homogeneous mixture has a single phase
- Ex: Heterogeneous mixtures have 2 or more phases
Decanting
-Pouring out a phase to separate the mixture
Filtation
- The process that separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
- Ex: Coffee filter separates the grounds from brewed coffee
Distillation
-A liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid
Control Variables
- The variables in an experiment which are kept constant between trials
- Ex: oven temp when baking cookies, amount of each ingredient
Experimental controls
Experimental trials used to identify known experimental response
- Positive control and Negative control
- Positive: recieves a treatment that has a known response, that it can be observed and collected
- Negative: group which no response is expected, and can be created by removing the independent variable or treatment is removed
Alchemists believed…
- The physical and spiritual world were connected
- The characteristics of the known elements could affect a persons physical and spiritual form
