chapter 6

Question 1

functions of skeletal system

Answer 1

support, storage of minerals, storage of lipids, blood cell production, protection, and motion

Question 2

diaphysis

Answer 2

shaft of long bone

Question 3

epiphysis

Answer 3

ends of long bone

Question 4

periosteum

Answer 4

covers outer surface of bone

Question 5

layers of the periosteum

Answer 5

osteogenic- cells for bone formation and break down

fibrous- dense irregular CT, attachment of tendons

Question 6

endosteum

Answer 6

inner marrow lining

Question 7

epiphyseal plate

Answer 7

hyaline cartilage until adulthood

Question 8

articular cartilage

Answer 8

remains on the outer surface of the epiphysis where joint forms

Question 9

flat bone structure

Answer 9

sandwich of spongy bone, Diploë- layer of spongy bone between compact (hard) bone

Question 10

bone tissue types

Answer 10

dense matrix-deposits calcium salts, osteocytes within lacunae

canaliculi- small canals for blood vessels, nutrients and waste exchanges

periosteum- covers outer surface of bone, fibrous and inner cellular layers

Question 11

bone matrix

Answer 11

ground substance of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, compression strength, collagen, elastin, flexible strength

Question 12

types of cells in the bone IN ORDER OF HOW THEY ARE MADE

Answer 12

1 osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic/preosteoblasts)
2 osteoblasts
3 osteocytes
4 osteoclasts

Question 13

canals in the bone

Answer 13

haverisan- central, runs vertical, comes out of the osteons
volkmann- perforating, runs horizontal

Question 14

osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 14

found in endosteum (yellow marrow) and periosteum, comes from mesenchymal cells

Question 15

osteoblasts

Answer 15

makes the osteoid but not yet calcified form of bone. “pre-bone”

Question 16

osteocytes

Answer 16

mature bone cells, calcified, arranged in concentric lamellae

Question 17

osteoclasts

Answer 17

break down of bone, derived from white blood cells called monocytes

Question 18

circumferential lamellae

Answer 18

lines that make it look like a tree age lines within the trunk along the outer most edge, binds osteons together

Question 19

osteon

Answer 19

basic unit of compact bone

Question 20

intersitial lamellae

Answer 20

separates osteons that are present within the bone

Question 21

structure of spongy bone

Answer 21

no osteons, matrix forms network of trabeculae which have no blood vessels, red bone marrow which has blood vessels, found at epiphysis of long bone and interior of flat bones

Question 22

structure of compact bone

Answer 22

hard outer surface, composed of osteons, concentric layers of osteocytes, lamellae surround haversian canal

Question 23

osteogenesis vs ossification

Answer 23

osteogenesis- bone formation
ossification- replacing other tissues with bone

Question 24

two types of ways that bone can be made

Answer 24

calcification and ossification

Question 25

two types of ossification

Answer 25

intramembranous and endochondral

Question 26

intramembranous ossification

Answer 26

start with mesenchymal and fibrous connective tissue, makes flat bone like skull

Question 27

endochondral ossificaition

Answer 27

ossifies bone that originates in hyaline cartilage *most bones originate as this

Question 28

epiphyseal plate

Answer 28

made of hyaline cartilage, black line on x-ray

Question 29

epiphyseal line

Answer 29

when long bone stops growing, epiphyseal cartilage disappears

Question 30

appositional growth in length

Answer 30

bone is deposited on the DIAPHYSEAL side of the epiphyseal side

Question 31

appositional grown in width

Answer 31

compact bone thickens and strengthens with layers of circumferential lamellae

Question 32

most abundant mineral in the body...

Answer 32

calcium!!!!

Question 33

how is calcium homeostasis maintained?

Answer 33

by calcitonin and parathyroid hormone which control storage, absorption and secretion PTH increases this activity which increases Ca+ because more bone being broken down to be recycled? but then calcitonin decreases Ca+ levels by decreases the amount of bone broken down by osteoclasts and therefore the amount of bone available

Question 34

parathyroid hormone

Answer 34

increases Ca+ levels in blood by STIMULATING osteoclastic activity

Question 35

calcitonin

Answer 35

decreases Ca+ levels in the blood by INHIBITING osteoclastic activity

Question 36

simple fracture

Answer 36

no break in skin

Question 37

open/compound fracture

Answer 37

breaks skin

Question 38

colle fracture

Answer 38

break in distal radius beacuse of catching self from falling

Question 39

greenstick fracture

Answer 39

bone breaks incompletely

Question 40

stages of healing in bone fracture

Answer 40

hematoma formation, cartilage callus forms, spongy bone callus formation, remodeling: compact bone formation

Question 41

hematoma formation

Answer 41

torn vessels hemorrhage, clotted blood forms at fracture site causing inflammation

Question 42

cartilage callus

Answer 42

soft, osteoblasts and fibroblasts migrate to fracture, secretion of collagen fibers to connect broken bone ends, osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone

Question 43

spongy bone callus

Answer 43

new bone trabeculae appear in soft callus, conversion to hard callus

Question 44

remodeling

Answer 44

excess materials removed and compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls

Question 45

osteopenia

Answer 45

bones become thinner and weaker with age

Question 46

osteoporosis

Answer 46

severe bone loss

Question 47

trabeculae

Answer 47

tissue elements that support or anchor a framework. provide Provide mechanical support, resist tension, and filter cells. help reduce weight and provide flexibility in spongy bone