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a&p lecture test 2 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four types of tissue?

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

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2
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

covers skin, lines internal pathways and forms glands, avascular, regenerative, and lots of nerve endings (sensitivity to touch!)

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3
Q

What makes the apical surface

A

goblet cells, cilia, microvilli, keratinized

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4
Q

What makes the basal surface

A

collagen and glycoprotein

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5
Q

how do we name classes of epithelia?

A

based on shape and based on layers

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6
Q

where there is more than one type of cell in the epithelial, how do you name it?

A

you name it according to the cells at the free APICAL surface

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7
Q

squamous cell

A

thin, flat, squishy

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8
Q

cuboidal cell

A

square/cube shaped

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9
Q

columnar cell

A

tall, slender rectangles

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10
Q

simple epithelium

A

single layer of cells

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11
Q

stratified epithelium

A

several layer of cells

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12
Q

what is the purpose for simple squamous epithelium and where is it found?

A

absorption, diffusion, reduce friction. found in lung and kidney tubules

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13
Q

what is the purpose for simple cuboidal cells?

A

Absorption, secretion. They’re thick so they soak in things and secrete them out.

glands, ducts, kidney tubules, ovaries, salivary

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14
Q

what is the purpose for simple columnar and where is it found?

A

absorption, secretion, and found in lining of stomach, intestines an uterine tubes

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15
Q

what is the purpose for stratified squamous and where is it found?

A

protects against attacks and abrasions. found in skin, and inside of mouth

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16
Q

what is the purpose for stratified cuboidal?

A

sweat ducts and mammary glands

Exocrine

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17
Q

what is the purpose for stratified columnar and where is it found?

A

protection. found in the mammary gland and urethra

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18
Q

what is the purpose for transitional epithelium and where is it found?

A

tolerates repeated cycles of stretching, recoiling as returns to previous shape without damage. found in ureters and bladder to protect against environment of urine

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19
Q

what does keratin protein do?

A

adds strength and water resistance

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20
Q

pseudostratified columnar and where found?

A

looks like stratified but each cell attaches to the basement membrane, not all cells make it to the free surface. found in the respiratory tract

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21
Q

mesothelium (type of epithelial tissue)

A

lines body cavities

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22
Q

endothelium

A

lines heart, and blood and lymphatic vessels (organ itself)

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23
Q

function of endocrine glands

A

releases hormones DIRECTLY INTO BLOODSTREAM into interstitial fluid, NO DUCTS

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24
Q

function of exocrine glands

A

produces secretions and goes DIRECTLY INTO THE DUCT onto epithelial surfaces.

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25
types of exocrine secretions
merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine
26
merocrine secretion (sudoriferous)
produced by golgi aparatus, release by vesicles (exocytosis), flush harmful microorganisms, sweat glands in palms and soles, salivary glands, pancreas, excretes water and electrolytes
27
apocrine secretion (sudoriferous)
produced in golgi aparatus, released by shedding cytoplasm, in mammary glands, armpits nipples and groin, cloudy secretions and break down causes odors
28
holocrine secretion
is released by cells bursting in the cytoplasm, killing gland cells, gland cells replaced by stem cells, sebaceous gland
29
glandular epithelia types and their types of secretions
serous glands: watery mucus glands: mucins mixed exocrine glands: both
30
what are the functions of connective tissue?
provide structure, store energy, transport materials, no contact with environment, VASCULAR and HAVE NERVE ENDINGS
31
what are the 6 visceral types of connective tissue?
loose, fibrous, adipose, cartilage, bone, and fluid
32
what is the connective tissue matrix made of?
has scattered cells; made of collagen (strong and flexible), elastin (elastic), reticular (network of fine collagen fibers)
33
ground substance function
determines the characteristics of connective tissue. blood, areolar, cartilage, and bone
34
areolar and where is it found
always under epithelium tissue, hyaluronic acid that makes it viscous, lubricant so that you do not get dried out joints, collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblast and mast cells
35
cartilage
ground subtance of chondroitin and glucosamine to cushion to joint, NO NERVE ENDINGS
36
bone
ground substance made of calcium salt that makes it hard for support and protection
37
classification of connective tissue
proper, loose, dense, regular, irregular, fluid, and supportive
38
CT proper cell types
fibroblasts, fibrocytes, macrophasges, adipocytes, mesenchymal, melanocytes, mast, lympocytes
39
scattered cells in connective tissues
fibroblasts (connective tissue proper, forms ECM and collagen chondroblasts (cartilage) osteoblasts (bone) hemopoietic stem cells (WBCs, plasma, macrophages, mast cells)
40
fibroblasts
mainly produce collagen, most abundant cell type, CT proper, secrete proteins and hyaluronic acid which is like cement to mend things back together...like stick glue
41
fibrocytes
circulate in peripheral blood and produce CT proteins, second most abundant, in CT proper, maintain the fibers of CT proper
42
macrophages
large cells of the immune system, eat pathogens and damaged cells...takes care of the LARGE STUFF
43
adipocytes
fat cells
44
mesenchymal cells
stem cells that respond to injury or infection. differentiate into fibroblasts and macrophages
45
melanocytes
synthesizes and stores the brown pigment. melanin
46
mast cells
stimulates inflammation after injury or infection, releases histamine (blood to tissue) or heparin (helps regulate time of clotting), helps with clotting time of blood, important for immune response
47
lymphocytes
specialized immune cells in lymphoid (lymphatic system), produce plasma cells/plasmacytes which produces antibodies
48
microphages
phagocytic blood cells, neutrophils and eosinophils...WBC that surrounds infection/sick cells, takes care of the little stuff MICRO
49
CT fibers types
collagen, reticular, elastic, embryonic
50
collagen fibers and where found
most common fibers in CTs, strong and flexible, resist force in ONE direction. resistance and controlled mobility ligaments and tendons
51
reticular fibers and where found
network of interwoven fine collagen fibers, resist force in MANY directions tendon sheaths and multiple organs
52
elastic fibers/tissues and where found?
contains elastic, allows everything to stretch out but go back to original position, cushion shocks vertebrae
53
embryonic CT and where found
not found in adults mesenchyme embryonic stem cells, first CT of embyros mucous CT- loose embryonic CT
54
loose CT types
areolar, adipose, reticular
55
Dense CT types
regular, irregular, elastic
56
supportive tissue types
cartilage, bone
57
types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrous cartilage
58
adipose
ground substance of hyaluronic acid, prevents heat loss, found around organs and under skin (white fat- on adults; brown fat- newborns)
59
loose- Reticular CT function and organs
provides support, supportive fibers (stroma), supportive functional cells (parenchyma) organs: spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow
60
what types of fibers are dense CT made of what types of cells?
high numbers of collagen and elastic fibers fibroblasts
61
Dense Regular
tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers, with fibroblast cells tendons (bone to muscle), ligaments (bone to bone),
62
dense irregular
interwoven network of collagen fibers with fibroblast cells, layered in skin around cartilages and bones, form capsules around organs, provide strength to resist force in MANY DIRECTIONS
63
cartilage
gel ground substance, shock absorption and protection, no blood vessels or nerve endings cartilage matrix: chondroitin sulfates scattered cells: chondrocytes in lacunae
64
bone
calcified, weight support
65
hyaline cartilage and where found
stiff, flexible support, reduces friction between bones, found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, trachea
66
elastic cartilage and where found
supportive, bends easily found in ear and epiglottis
67
bone (osseous tissue)
strong, calcified, resists shattering, flexible collagen fibers
68
osteocytes
bone cells, arranged around central canals within matrix
69
canniculi
small channels through matrix, access blood supply and visible
70
periosteum
covers bone surfaces, creates fibrous layer, whiteness on x-ray outer fibrous layer, inner cellular layer
71
blood
plasma, a watery matrix with dissolved proteins
72
formed elements of blood
RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), platelets
73
lymph
no fibers, lymph vessels, immunity, watery matrix
74
muscle tissue types
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
75
skeletal tissue
long and cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, voluntary
76
cardiac tissue
striated, involuntary, single nucleus, intercalated discs, branching
77
smooth tissue
small and tapered, involuntary, single nucleus, no striations OR IT WOULDNT BE CALLED SMOOTH
78
Neural tissue
electrical impulses, neuron, processes information, controls responses, CNS, neuroglia
79
cell parts of a neuron
soma, dendrites, axon
80
what do membranes do?
physical barriers that line or cover portions of the body, consists of epithelial tissue and connective tissue areolar
81
four types of membranes
mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
82
mucous membrane and found where
lines pathways with external connections, goblet cells, moist epithelial surfaces, lamina propria found in digestive and respiratory tracts
83
serous membranes and where found
secret watery fluid, ALWAYS SIMPLE SQUAMOUS OR AREOLAR, reduce friction found in pericardium, and pleaural
84
types of serous membranes
pleura, peritoneum, pericardium
85
synovial membrane
areolar tissue with few cells on top, joint cavities for lubrication, protect ends of bones, synovial fluid and hyaluronic acid
86
cutaneous membrane
skin, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium!!!, dry

a&p lecture test 2 (5 decks)

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