chapter 4 Flashcards
what are the four types of tissue?
connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous
Functions of epithelial tissue
covers skin, lines internal pathways and forms glands, avascular, regenerative, and lots of nerve endings (sensitivity to touch!)
What makes the apical surface
goblet cells, cilia, microvilli, keratinized
What makes the basal surface
collagen and glycoprotein
how do we name classes of epithelia?
based on shape and based on layers
where there is more than one type of cell in the epithelial, how do you name it?
you name it according to the cells at the free APICAL surface
squamous cell
thin, flat, squishy
cuboidal cell
square/cube shaped
columnar cell
tall, slender rectangles
simple epithelium
single layer of cells
stratified epithelium
several layer of cells
what is the purpose for simple squamous epithelium and where is it found?
absorption, diffusion, reduce friction. found in lung and kidney tubules
what is the purpose for simple cuboidal cells?
glands, ducts, kidney tubules
what is the purpose for simple columnar and where is it found?
absorption, secretion, and found in lining of stomach, intestines an uterine tubes
what is the purpose for stratified squamous and where is it found?
protects against attacks and abrasions. found in skin, and inside of mouth
what is the purpose for stratified cuboidal?
sweat ducts and mammary glands
what is the purpose for stratified columnar and where is it found?
protection. found in the mammary gland and urethra
what is the purpose for transitional epithelium and where is it found?
tolerates repeated cycles of stretching, recoiling as returns to previous shape without damage. found in ureters and bladder to protect against environment of urine
what does keratin protein do?
adds strength and water resistance
pseudostratified columnar and where found?
looks like stratified but each cell attaches to the basement membrane, not all cells make it to the free surface. found in the respiratory tract
mesothelium (type of epithelial tissue)
lines body cavities
endothelium
lines heart, and blood and lymphatic vessels (organ itself)
function of endocrine glands
releases hormones DIRECTLY INTO BLOODSTREAM into interstitial fluid, NO DUCTS
function of exocrine glands
produces secretions and goes DIRECTLY INTO THE DUCT onto epithelial surfaces.
types of exocrine secretions
merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine
merocrine secretion (sudoriferous)
produced by golgi aparatus, release by vesicles (exocytosis), flush harmful microorganisms, sweat glands in palms and soles, salivary glands, pancreas, excretes water and electrolytes
apocrine secretion (sudoriferous)
produced in golgi aparatus, released by shedding cytoplasm, in mammary glands, armpits nipples and groin, cloudy secretions and break down causes odors
holocrine secretion
is released by cells bursting in the cytoplasm, killing gland cells, gland cells replaced by stem cells, sebaceous gland
glandular epithelia types and their types of secretions
serous glands: watery
mucus glands: mucins
mixed exocrine glands: both
what are the functions of connective tissue?
provide structure, store energy, transport materials, no contact with environment, VASCULAR and HAVE NERVE ENDINGS
what are the 6 visceral types of connective tissue?
loose, fibrous, adipose, cartilage, bone, and fluid
what is the connective tissue matrix made of?
has scattered cells; made of collagen (strong and flexible), elastin (elastic), reticular (network of fine collagen fibers)
ground substance function and types of cells within?
determines the characteristics of connective tissue.
blood, areolar, cartilage, and bone
areolar
always under epithelium tissue, hyaluronic acid that makes it viscous, lubricant so that you do not get dried out joints, collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblast and mast cells
cartilage
ground subtance of chondroitin and glucosamine to cushion to joint, NO NERVE ENDINGS
bone
ground substance made of calcium salt that makes it hard for support and protection
classification of connective tissue
proper, loose, dense, regular, irregular, fluid, and supportive
CT proper cell types
fibroblasts, fibrocyters, macrophasges, adipocytes, mesenchymal, melanocytes, mast, lympocytes
scattered cells in connective tissues
fibroblasts (connective tissue proper, forms ECM and collagen
chondroblasts (cartilage)
osteoblasts (bone)
hemopoietic stem cells (WBCs, plasma, macrophages, mast cells)
fibroblasts
mainly produce collagen, most abundant cell type, CT proper, secrete proteins and hyaluronic acid which is like cement to mend things back together…like stick glue
fibrocytes
circulate in peripheral blood and produce CT proteins, second most abundant, in CT proper, maintain the fibers of CT proper
macrophages
large cells of the immune system, eat pathogens and damaged cells…takes care of the LARGE STUFF
adipocytes
fat cells
mesenchymal cells
stem cells that respond to injury or infection. differentiate into fibroblasts and macrophages
melanocytes
synthesizes and stores the brown pigment. melanin
mast cells
stimulates inflammation after injury or infection, releases histamine (blood to tissue) or heparin (helps regulate time of clotting), helps with clotting time of blood, important for immune response
lymphocytes
specialized immune cells in lymphoid (lymphatic system), produce plasma cells/plasmacytes which produces antibodies
macrophages
phagocytic blood cells, neutrophils and eosinophils…WBC that surrounds infection/sick cells, takes care of the little stuff MICRO
CT fibers types
collagen, reticular, elastic, embryonic
collagen fibers and where found
most common fibers in CT proper, strong and flexible, resist force in ONE direction. resistance and controlled mobility
ligaments and tendons
reticular fibers and where found
network of interwoven fine collagen fibers, resist force in MANY directions
tendon sheaths and multiple organs
elastic fibers/tissues and where found?
contains elastic, allows everything to stretch out but go back to original position, cushion shocks
vertebrae
embryonic CT and where found
not found in adults
mesenchyme embryonic stem cells, first CT of embyros
mucous CT- loose embryonic CT
loose CT types
areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense CT types
regular, irregular, elastic
supportive tissue types
cartilage, bone
types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrous cartilage
adipose
ground substance of hyaluronic acid, prevents heat loss, found around organs and under skin (white fat- on adults; brown fat- newborns)
loose- Reticular CT and organs
provides support, supportive fibers (stroma), supportive functional cells (parenchyma)
organs: spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow
dense CT
high numbers of collagen and elastic fibers
Dense Regular
tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers, with fibroblast cells
tendons (bone to muscle), ligaments (bone to bone), aponeuroses (attach in sheets to large flat muscles)
dense irregular
interwoven network of collagen fibers with fibroblast cells, layered in skin around cartilages and bones, form capsules around organs, provide strength to resist force in MANY DIRECTIONS
cartilage
gel ground substance, shock absorption and protection, no blood vessels or nerve endings
cartilage matrix: chondroitin sulfates
scattered cells: chondrocytes in lacunae
bone
calcified, weight support
hyaline cartilage and where found
stiff, flexible support, reduces friction between bones,
found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, trachea
elastic cartilage and where found
supportive, bends easily
found in ear and epiglottis
bone (osseous tissue)
strong, calcified, resists shattering, flexible collagen fibers
osteocytes
bone cells, arranged around central canals within matrix
canniculi
small channels through matrix, access blood supply and visible
periosteum
covers bone surfaces, creates fibrous layer, whiteness on x-ray
blood
plasma, a watery matrix with dissolved proteins
formed elements of blood
RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), platelets
lymph
no fibers, lymph vessels, immunity, watery matrix
muscle tissue types
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
skeletal tissue
long and cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, voluntary
cardiac tissue
striated, involuntary, single nucleus, intercalated discs, branching
smooth tissue
small and tapered, non-striated, involuntary, single nucleus, no striations OR IT WOULDNT BE CALLED SMOOTH
Neural tissue
electrical impulses, neuron, processes information, controls responses, CNS, neuroglia
cell parts of a neuron
soma, dendrites, axon
membranes
physical barriers that line or cover portions of the body, consists of epithelial tissue and connective tissue areolar
four types of membranes
mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
mucous membrane and found where
lines pathways with external connections, goblet cells, moist epithelial surfaces, lamina propria
found in digestive and respiratory tracts
serous membranes and where found
secret watery fluid, ALWAYS SIMPLE SQUAMOUS OR AREOLAR, reduce friction
types of serous membranes
pleura, peritoneum, pericardium
synovial membrane
areolar tissue with few cells on top, joint cavities for lubrication, protect ends of bones, synovial fluid and hyaluronic acid
cutaneous membrane
skin, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium!!!, dry
