chapter 5

Question 1

what is the integument made up of?

Answer 1

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

Question 2

what are the functions of the skin?

Answer 2

protects, excretes (glands), maintains body temp, synthesizes vitamin D3 for absorption of Ca+, blood flow regulation (cold vs hot vessels), proprioception touch pain and temp

Question 3

two components of the cutaneous membrane

Answer 3

outer epidermis (superficial epithelium) and inner dermis (connective tissues)

Question 4

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) is…

Answer 4

below the dermis, composed of loose CT, and location of hypodermis injections

Question 5

epidermis

Answer 5

avascular, keritinized stratified squamous epithelium, nutrients and O2 diffuse from capaillaries in dermis

Question 6

what are the types of cell of the epidermis?

Answer 6

keratinocytes (most abundant, strength and flexibility), langerhan cells (marcophages), melanocytes (stratum basale), merkel cells (sense of touch receptors)

Question 7

“strata” means…

Answer 7

layers

Question 8

structure of the epidermis (from most superficial to deepest)

Answer 8

apical
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale (geminativum)

Question 9

stratum corneum

Answer 9

Outermost layer, consists of dead, toughened keratinocytes that provide a protective barrier and are continually shed

Question 10

stratum lucidum

Answer 10

Transparent layer, present in thick skin, contains eleidin

Question 11

stratum granulosum

Answer 11

Grainy layer, cells flatten and produce keratin and keratohyalin, nuclei disintegrate.

Question 12

stratum spinosum

Answer 12

Spiny layer, contains keratinocytes that produce keratin and are held together by spiny projections

Question 13

stratum basale (geminativum)

Answer 13

Deepest layer, contains actively dividing cells and melanocytes, stem cells, forms bond between dermis and epidermis, forms epidural ridges (fingerprints), dermal papillae

Question 14

what is dermal papillae?

Answer 14

tiny mounds to increase surface area of basal lamina, strengthen attachment between dermis and epidermis

Question 15

keratinization

Answer 15

formation of dead skin layer, occurs on all exposed skin

Question 16

how long does it take for a cell to travel from basal lamina to stratum corneum?

Answer 16

15-30 days

Question 17

vitamin D3

Answer 17

produced in epidural cells, aid absorption in Ca and Ph

Question 18

what happens when insufficient vitamin D3?

Answer 18

rickets (softening of bone)

Question 19

layers of the dermis

Answer 19

papillary and reticular layers

Question 20

papillary layer

Answer 20

areolar tissue, dermal papillae projecting between epidural ridges

Question 21

reticular layer

Answer 21

dense irregular CR, collagen and elastic fibers

Question 22

what fibers help with dermal strength and elasticity (turgor)?

Answer 22

collagen- resist stretching, bend easily
elastic- permit stretching and recoil, limits flexibility of collagen fibers to prevent damage to tissue

Question 23

what do nerve fibers in the skin control?

Answer 23

blood flow, gland secretions, sensory receptors,

Question 24

hypodermis

Answer 24

elastic areolar and adipose tissues, dermis connected to reticular layer of skin, few capillaries, cutaneous injections

Question 25

hemoglobin

Answer 25

pink skin color because oxygenated= red; not oxygenated= blue

Question 26

melanin

Answer 26

melanocytes, protection against UV

Question 27

carotene

Answer 27

found in stratum corneun, yellowish tint to skin

Question 28

jaundice

Answer 28

buildup of bile produced by liver, yellow skin

Question 29

addison disease

Answer 29

pituitary gland not working well, skin darkening to bronze

Question 30

purpose of pituitary gland

Answer 30

secretion of hormones and control of the secretion from endocrine glands

Question 31

albinism

Answer 31

defect of melanin production

Question 32

vitiligo

Answer 32

melanocytes die or abnormal functions, autoimmune

Question 33

nevi

Answer 33

birthmarks or moles

Question 34

freckles

Answer 34

clusters of concentrated melanin

Question 35

functions of hair

Answer 35

protects, insulates, guards openings, sensitive to very light touch

Question 36

regions of hair

Answer 36

hair root (attached to integument) and hair shaft (no attachment)

Question 37

arrector pilli muscle

Answer 37

involuntary smooth muscle, causes hair to stand up

Question 38

hair follicle

Answer 38

root hair plexus surrounds base, deep in dermis

Question 39

sebaceous gland

Answer 39

oils/sebum, lubricate hair, inhibit bacterial growth, attached to arrector pilli muscle

Question 40

why does hair grow back when we pull it?

Answer 40

because we do not often pull the matrix out along with it

Question 41

ceruminous glands

Answer 41

sweat gland of the external auditory canal, EARWAX

Question 42

ABCDE's of skin cancer

Answer 42

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

Question 43

3 major types of skin cancer

Answer 43

basal cell carcinoma- most common, lease malignant, stratum basale cells proliferate and invase higher dermis and hypodermis squamous cell carcinoma- arises from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum and goes to top layers melanoma- most dangerous, highly metastatic, melanocytes

Question 44

burns

Answer 44

first- epidermis damaged, no bleeding because epidermis is avascular second- epidermis destroyed, part of dermis damaged, blistering and bleeding because dermis is vascular third- epidermis and dermis destroyed, discolored, no pain because nerve endings burned off

Question 45

tissue repair stages

Answer 45

inflammation and migratory phase- dialiation of blood vessels, mast cells release histamine, plasma with antibodies and clotting granulation- proliferation of new blood vessels and connective tissue. fibroblasts lay new layers of collagen maturation- restores normal function, scarring, surface of cut is regenerated

Question 46

fibrosis

Answer 46

damaged tissue is repaired but normal function is not restored

Question 47

parenchyma

Answer 47

functional repair and regenerated cellss

Question 48

stroma

Answer 48

when fibroblast cells makes the tissue that causes fibrosis

Question 49

keloid

Answer 49

excessive collagen from fibroblasts, repair exceeds boundary of wound

Question 50

hypertrophic scar

Answer 50

excess collagen, growth does not exceed wound boundaries but still raised bump