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Physiology 1 > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle characteristics

A

voluntary, striated, multinucleated, long cells

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2
Q

a band

A

thick + thin filaments, run entire length of sarcomere, dark band

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3
Q

i band

A

thin filaments in sarcomere, light band

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4
Q

m line

A

where myosin filaments are anchored, center of a band

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5
Q

h zone

A

ONLY thick filaments. shortens/disappears in contraction

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6
Q

z line

A

where thin filaments attach and sarcomere ends

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7
Q

thick band

A

myosin

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8
Q

thin band

A

actin, troponin, + tropomyosin

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9
Q

sarcolemma

A

the cell membrane of muscle fiber

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10
Q

transverse tubules (t-tubules)

A

modifications of the sarcolemma that entend into cell interior wall + surround myofibrils. carry electricity

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11
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

specialized ER that forms tubular network around myofibrils

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12
Q

cisternae/cisterns

A

chambers of sarcoplasmic reticulum that store calcium

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13
Q

sarcomere

A

functional unit of muscle contraction

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14
Q

myomesin

A

makes up m line which anchors myosin filaments

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15
Q

alpha-actinin

A

makes up z line which anchors myosin + actin filaments

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16
Q

what do myosin filaments bind?

A

ATP + actin in cross bridge formation

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17
Q

what is the mechanism of sarcomere contraction called?

A

rachet mechanism

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18
Q

troponin

A

3 globular protein that binds to Ca2+ to regulate cross bridge formation

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19
Q

troponin T

A

attaches troponin to tropomyosin

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20
Q

troponin I

A

inhibits the interaction of actin binding to myosin

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21
Q

troponin C

A

binds Ca2+ to permit the interactions of actin and myosin

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22
Q

what happens if there is no calcium for the sarcomere to use?

A

no contraction occurs

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23
Q

step 1 of skeletal muscle contraction mechanism

A

sarcolemma stimulated which generates an action potential

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24
Q

step 2 of skeletal muscle contraction mechanism

A

AP travels to myofibrils via t-tubules

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25
Q

step 3 of skeletal muscle contraction mechanism

A

AP triggers release of calcium ions from SR

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26
Q

step 4 of skeletal muscle contraction mechanism

A

calcium binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to move, uncovering the binding sites on actin for myosin

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27
Q

step 5 of skeletal muscle contraction mechanism

A

myosin binds to actin causing actin to slide past myosin, toward the m-line. results in contraction of sarcomeres

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28
Q

cross bridge cycle step 1

A

rigor state - no ATP bound

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29
Q

cross bridge cycle step 2

A

ATP bound - myosin lets go of actin

30
Q

cross bridge cycle step 3

A

ATP hydrolysis - myosin head ratchets forward

31
Q

cross bridge cycle step 4

A

release of Pi causes power stroke

32
Q

cross bridge cycle step 5

A

release of ADP returns the myosin to rigor state

33
Q

dystrophin

A

connects actin filaments to the sarcolemma of the cell. transmits tension

34
Q

anaerobic energy sources for skeletal muscle contraction

A

breakdown of creatine phosphate + glycogenolysis of glycogen

35
Q

aerobic energy sources for skeletal muscle contraction

A

oxidative metabolism of lipids, carbs, + proteins

36
Q

what is used first in energy sources for skeletal muscle contraction?

A

creatine phosphate + glycogen are used immediately (anaerobic)

37
Q

what is used second in energy sources for skeletal muscle contraction?

A

aerobic breakdown of fatty acids, carbs, + proteins (aerobic)

38
Q

what is used third in energy sources for skeletal muscle contraction?

A

glycogenolysis of glycogen (anaerobic)

39
Q

isometric muscles

A

do not change length but tension changes

40
Q

isotonic muscles

A

tension doesn’t change but length changes

41
Q

what is another name for muscle shortening?

A

concentric

42
Q

what is another name for muscle lengthening?

A

eccentric

43
Q

type 1 skeletal muscle characteristics

A

small, slow, red in color, oxidative phosphorylation mechanism, NOT easily fatigued

44
Q

type 2 skeletal muscle characteristics

A

large, fast, white in color, glycolysis mechanism, easily fatigued

45
Q

phosphocreatine-creatine system

A

used for power surges that last a few seconds

46
Q

examples of phosphocreatine-creatine system

A

100m dash, jumping, weightlifting, diving, baseball triple run

47
Q

how long does the phosphocreatine-creatine system last for?

A

5-8 seconds

48
Q

glycogen-lactic acid system

A

used for activities that take 1.3-1.6 minutes

49
Q

examples of glycogen-lactic acid system

A

400m dashes, 100m swim, tennis, soccer

50
Q

aerobic metabolism system

A

required for prolonged athletic activity

51
Q

examples of glycogen-lactic acid system

A

jogging, cross country skiing, marathons

52
Q

how long does the glycogen-lactic acid system last for?

A

as long as it is needed, unlimited

53
Q

what is another name for the glycogen-lactic acid system?

A

glycolysis

54
Q

what exercise examples have an overlap between aerobic system + glycogen-lactic acid system?

A

800m dashes + boxing

55
Q

when does alactacid oxygen debt recovery occur?

A

first 5 mins post exercise

56
Q

when does lactid acid oxygen debt recovery occur?

A

up to 40 mins

57
Q

how long does a high carb diet glycogen stores last for?

A

4-5 hours

58
Q

how long does a high fat diet glycogen stores last for?

A

1.5-2 hours

59
Q

when are isometric muscles used?

A

when the load is greater than the force of contraction

60
Q

when are isotonic muscles used?

A

when the force of the muscle contraction is greater than the load

61
Q

where do we find strains?

A

muscles

62
Q

where do we find sprains?

A

ligaments

63
Q

1st degree strain

A

mild. damage to a few muscle fibers

64
Q

2nd degree strain

A

moderate. partial tearing of the muscle (25-50%)

65
Q

3rd degree strain

A

severe. complete rupture/tearing of the muscle

66
Q

Thermogenesis

A

Heat production. Predominantly skeletal muscle contraction contributes to production of body heat

67
Q

Contractile

A

Able to transform chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy. Capable of exerting force. Ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated. Unique to muscle tissue

68
Q

Extensible

A

The ability to relax to lengthen or stretch beyond normal resting length

69
Q

elastic

A

ability to recoil to return to original length after being stretched. helps maintain shape

70
Q

irritable/excitable

A

responsive. able to receive and respond to a stimulus

71
Q

titin

A

the protein framework that holds the myosin and actin filaments in place so they can create cross bridges and contract

Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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