chapter 2

Question 1

what is protoplasm?

Answer 1

all substances in the cell

Question 2

what are the 5 basic substances of protoplasm?

Answer 2

water, electrolytes (ions), proteins, lipids, + carbohydrates

Question 3

what is the major component of protoplasm?

Answer 3

water (70-85%)

Question 4

cell membrane components

Answer 4

proteins (55%), phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, and glycocalyx

Question 5

peripheral proteins

Answer 5

attach to the inner surface OR the outer surface of membrane

Question 6

integral proteins (transmembrane)

Answer 6

they extend through both sides of the membrane creating channels, pores, receptors, and enzymes

Question 7

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 7

provides a barrier for water/water soluble substances between ICF + ECF

Question 8

glycocalyx

Answer 8

carbohydrates attached to outer surface proteins + fats for cell binding/adhesion, immune recognition, receptors for hormones/neurotransmitters

Question 9

plasma membrane functions

Answer 9

physical barrier, selective permeability, electrochemical gradient, + communication

Question 10

physical barrier of plasma membrane

Answer 10

provides a flexible separation of ICF from ECF. Protects cellular contents + supports cell structure

Question 11

selective permeability of plasma membrane

Answer 11

regulates entry + exit of ions, nutrients, + waste products

Question 12

electrochemical gradient of plasma membrane

Answer 12

creates an electrical charge across the membrane between external surface + internal

Question 13

communication of plasma membrane

Answer 13

receptors recognize + respond to molecular signals from neurons + surrounding fluids

Question 14

cytoplasm

Answer 14

ICF that contains dissolved proteins, ions, glucose, glycogen, ribosomes, secretory vesicles, + neutral fat globules

Question 15

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 15

assembles amino acids into proteins

Question 16

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 16

assembles fatty acids into lipids

Question 17

golgi apparatus

Answer 17

synthesis of carbohydrates for proteoglycans, glycoproteins, + glycolipids. packaging + shipping

Question 18

golgi apparatus secretory vesicles

Answer 18

export hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes

Question 19

golgi apparatus lysosomes

Answer 19

contain enzymes to digest nutrients, kills bacteria, + dead cell components

Question 20

golgi apparatus peroxisomes

Answer 20

contain H2O2 to neutralize toxins/poisons + breakdown long chain fatty acids

Question 21

golgi apparatus secretory vesicles

Answer 21

contain granules of proteins that are released via exocytosis into surrounding fluid

Question 22

mitochondria

Answer 22

energy. self replicating

Question 23

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 23

pyruvate + O2 = CO2 + H20 + ATP. occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 24

cytoskeleton

Answer 24

structural proteins that requires calcium to move/contract

Question 25

filaments

Answer 25

actin for elastic support. actin + myosin for muscle contraction

Question 26

tubulin

Answer 26

rigid support, movement of the cell, centrioles, mitotic spindles, transport mechanisms, + nerve repair

Question 27

nucleus

Answer 27

contains genetic material, where replication occurs

Question 28

nucleoli

Answer 28

accumulation of RNA + proteins. enlarges during transcription + translation

Question 29

exocytosis

Answer 29

the process of emptying contents of a secretory vesicle outside the cell. requires ATP + an influx of calcium

Question 30

endocytosis

Answer 30

taking in of larger molecules into the cell

Question 31

pinocytosis

Answer 31

pinching off of a membrane sac filled with interstitial fluid

Question 32

receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 32

recepter w/coated pit attracts the protein which binds, triggering clathrin to pull in + pinch off

Question 33

phagocytosis

Answer 33

specialized clean up cells that reach out to grab + pull garbage/bacteria into the cell to be broken down

Question 34

lysosomes

Answer 34

specialized vesicles in the cytoplasm that contain hydrolases, enzymes able to break down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

Question 35

functions of lysosomes

Answer 35

digestion of nutrients, kill bacteria, regression of body tissues, removal of damaged cells, autolysis, autophagy

Question 36

autolysis

Answer 36

digestion of an entire severely damaged cell

Question 37

autophagy

Answer 37

degradation + recycling of old organelles + large proteins

Question 38

locomotion

Answer 38

ways to move

Question 39

chemotaxis

Answer 39

movement toward or away from certain chemicals

Question 40

what cells use ameboid movement

Answer 40

migration of WBCs, macrophages, fibroblasts, embryonic cells

Question 41

flagella

Answer 41

propel sperm cells

Question 42

ciliary

Answer 42

stationary cells w/whiplike processes that beat 10-20 times per second. found in respiratory system + uterine tubes

Question 43

nucleic acids

Answer 43

used to help build DNA + RNA

Question 44

DNA basics

Answer 44

phosphoric acid + deoxyribose back bone. adenine, guanine, thymine, + cytosine bases

Question 45

RNA basics

Answer 45

phosphoric acid + ribose back bone. adenine, guanine, uracil, + cytosine bases

Question 46

DNA + RNA purines

Answer 46

adenine + guanine

Question 47

DNA pyrimidines

Answer 47

thymine + cytosine

Question 48

RNA pyrimidines

Answer 48

uracil + cytosine

Question 49

replication

Answer 49

DNA to DNA. occurs just prior to starting mitosis, cell division

Question 50

transcription

Answer 50

DNA to mRNA occurs in the nucleus

Question 51

translation

Answer 51

mRNA to protein occurs in the cytoplasm, RER