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Physiology 1 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is protoplasm?

A

all substances in the cell

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2
Q

what are the 5 basic substances of protoplasm?

A

water, electrolytes (ions), proteins, lipids, + carbohydrates

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3
Q

what is the major component of protoplasm?

A

water (70-85%)

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4
Q

cell membrane components

A

proteins (55%), phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, and glycocalyx

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5
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attach to the inner surface OR the outer surface of membrane

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6
Q

integral proteins (transmembrane)

A

they extend through both sides of the membrane creating channels, pores, receptors, and enzymes

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7
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

provides a barrier for water/water soluble substances between ICF + ECF

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8
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrates attached to outer surface proteins + fats for cell binding/adhesion, immune recognition, receptors for hormones/neurotransmitters

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9
Q

plasma membrane functions

A

physical barrier, selective permeability, electrochemical gradient, + communication

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10
Q

physical barrier of plasma membrane

A

provides a flexible separation of ICF from ECF. Protects cellular contents + supports cell structure

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11
Q

selective permeability of plasma membrane

A

regulates entry + exit of ions, nutrients, + waste products

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12
Q

electrochemical gradient of plasma membrane

A

creates an electrical charge across the membrane between external surface + internal

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13
Q

communication of plasma membrane

A

receptors recognize + respond to molecular signals from neurons + surrounding fluids

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14
Q

cytoplasm

A

ICF that contains dissolved proteins, ions, glucose, glycogen, ribosomes, secretory vesicles, + neutral fat globules

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15
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

assembles amino acids into proteins

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16
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

assembles fatty acids into lipids

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17
Q

golgi apparatus

A

synthesis of carbohydrates for proteoglycans, glycoproteins, + glycolipids. packaging + shipping

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18
Q

golgi apparatus secretory vesicles

A

export hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes

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19
Q

golgi apparatus lysosomes

A

contain enzymes to digest nutrients, kills bacteria, + dead cell components

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20
Q

golgi apparatus peroxisomes

A

contain H2O2 to neutralize toxins/poisons + breakdown long chain fatty acids

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21
Q

golgi apparatus secretory vesicles

A

contain granules of proteins that are released via exocytosis into surrounding fluid

22
Q

mitochondria

A

energy. self replicating

23
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

pyruvate + O2 = CO2 + H20 + ATP. occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane

24
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural proteins that requires calcium to move/contract

25
Q

filaments

A

actin for elastic support. actin + myosin for muscle contraction

26
Q

tubulin

A

rigid support, movement of the cell, centrioles, mitotic spindles, transport mechanisms, + nerve repair

27
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic material, where replication occurs

28
Q

nucleoli

A

accumulation of RNA + proteins. enlarges during transcription + translation

29
Q

exocytosis

A

the process of emptying contents of a secretory vesicle outside the cell. requires ATP + an influx of calcium

30
Q

endocytosis

A

taking in of larger molecules into the cell

31
Q

pinocytosis

A

pinching off of a membrane sac filled with interstitial fluid

32
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

recepter w/coated pit attracts the protein which binds, triggering clathrin to pull in + pinch off

33
Q

phagocytosis

A

specialized clean up cells that reach out to grab + pull garbage/bacteria into the cell to be broken down

34
Q

lysosomes

A

specialized vesicles in the cytoplasm that contain hydrolases, enzymes able to break down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

35
Q

functions of lysosomes

A

digestion of nutrients, kill bacteria, regression of body tissues, removal of damaged cells, autolysis, autophagy

36
Q

autolysis

A

digestion of an entire severely damaged cell

37
Q

autophagy

A

degradation + recycling of old organelles + large proteins

38
Q

locomotion

A

ways to move

39
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement toward or away from certain chemicals

40
Q

what cells use ameboid movement

A

migration of WBCs, macrophages, fibroblasts, embryonic cells

41
Q

flagella

A

propel sperm cells

42
Q

ciliary

A

stationary cells w/whiplike processes that beat 10-20 times per second. found in respiratory system + uterine tubes

43
Q

nucleic acids

A

used to help build DNA + RNA

44
Q

DNA basics

A

phosphoric acid + deoxyribose back bone. adenine, guanine, thymine, + cytosine bases

45
Q

RNA basics

A

phosphoric acid + ribose back bone. adenine, guanine, uracil, + cytosine bases

46
Q

DNA + RNA purines

A

adenine + guanine

47
Q

DNA pyrimidines

A

thymine + cytosine

48
Q

RNA pyrimidines

A

uracil + cytosine

49
Q

replication

A

DNA to DNA. occurs just prior to starting mitosis, cell division

50
Q

transcription

A

DNA to mRNA occurs in the nucleus

51
Q

translation

A

mRNA to protein occurs in the cytoplasm, RER

Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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