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Physiology 1 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

nucleotides

A

the building blocks (monomers) of DNA and RNA

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3
Q

what makes up a nucleotide?

A

1 molecule of phosphoric acid, 1 sugar (deoxyribose/ribose), & a base

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4
Q

nitrogenous base

A

a purine hydrogen binds to a pyrimidine to create the rungs and the complimentary code

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5
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine. heterocyclic aromatic compound with a pyrimidine ring fused with an imidazole ring

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6
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine, uracil, and cytosine. heterocyclic aromatic compound with a pyrimidine ring with nitrogen atoms at the 1 + 3 positions

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7
Q

DNA basics

A

double stranded, antiparallel and connected by hydrogen bonds at the rungs

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8
Q

what does adenine bind to in DNA?

A

thymine

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9
Q

what does adenine bind to in RNA?

A

uracil

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10
Q

what does guanine bind to?

A

cytosine

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11
Q

what makes up a full helix?

A

10 pairs of nucleotides

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12
Q

RNA basics

A

single stranded, ribonucleic acid

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13
Q

gene expression

A

the process of transcribing and translating the genetic code of the DNA into proteins

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14
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

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15
Q

transcription

A

DNA to mRNA. occurs in the nucleus. DNA is unwound + separated into 2 strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

RNA polymerase

A

privides energy to unwind and split the DNA chain and add a new RNA nucleotide to the growing chain

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17
Q

what is the responsibility of mRNA?

A

carries the complimentary code, formed during transcription, out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

precursor mRNA

A

large immature, single stranded. gets chopped down (spliced). original RNA copy from DNA

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19
Q

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

A

directs splicing of pre-mRNA. to form mRNA

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20
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm

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21
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

transports activated amino acids to ribosomes so they can be assembled into proteins

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22
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

joins with ribosomes in forming proteins. actually reads the mRNA and assembles the amino acids in the peptide chain

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23
Q

micro RNA (miRNA)

A

single strand RNA. 21-23 nucleotides regulate gene transcription + translation

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24
Q

translation

A

RNA to protein. occurs in cytoplasm near ER. mRNA carries start codon to initiate process. goes to rRNA which, with tRNA reads complementary sequencing in sets of 3

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25
Q

what does the amino acid order determine?

A

the secondary + tertiary 3D configuration of the protein

26
Q

how are enzymes activated?

A

by other enzymes or signalers that typically end in -ogen

27
Q

zygomens

A

the inactive/storage form of enzymes

28
Q

what regulates intracellular functions?

A

the availability and activity of enzymes

29
Q

what does the inactivation of the 1st enzyme inhibit?

A

chemical pathways

30
Q

what happens when purines build up in the cells?

A

it will inhibit the production of other purines + promote the production of pyrimidines

31
Q

gene expression allows us to…

A

adapt to our environment + allows each cell to perform its specialized function

32
Q

what is the TATA box?

A

basal promoter for transcription, which is a sequence on DNA

33
Q

why does cell reproduction need to be kept in check?

A

so that cells do not rapidly produce without causing cancer

34
Q

what will decrease the reproduction rate of cells?

A

growth factors, available space, and collections of secretions from cells

35
Q

telomeres

A

region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromatids that protect them from deteriorating

36
Q

what cells are constantly reproducing?

A

bone marrow, germinal layers of the skin, + epithelium of the gut

37
Q

how often do smooth cells reproduce?

A

once every few years

38
Q

replication

A

the process by which 2 new complete sets of DNA are formed from an original template

39
Q

mitosis

A

the actual process by which the cell splits into 2 new cells with equal chromosomes

40
Q

prophase

A

condensation of DNA in the chromosomes. formation and migration of centromeres/centrosomes. mitotic spindle begins to form, with microtubule connections

41
Q

prometaphase

A

fragmentation of the nuclear envelope. formation of aster spines

42
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, while still connected to the centromere

43
Q

anaphase

A

microtubules attached to each of the sister chromatids and pull them apart

44
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes begin to unwind at their opposite ends of the cell and new nuclear membranes form around each clump of chromosomes. mitotic spindle disappears

45
Q

how long before mitosis does DNA replication occur?

A

5-10 hours

46
Q

how long does DNA replication take?

A

4-8 hours

47
Q

what does DNA replication require?

A

enzymes (DNA polymerase + DNA ligase)

48
Q

chromosome

A

a DNA double helix packed with histones (structural + regulatory proteins)

49
Q

chromatid

A

1 DNA strand with surrounding histones

50
Q

centromere

A

the area in the middle of a chromosome joining the 2 identical chromatids

51
Q

aster

A

spiny star microtubules made by the centrioles

52
Q

mitotic spindle/apparatus

A

all of the microtubule connections of the centrosomes to the chromatids and to each other

53
Q

how long does mitosis last for?

A

30 minutes

54
Q

cytokinesis

A

the actual division of the 2 daughter cells. uses actin and myosin to create a cleavage furrow that forms a constriction ring

55
Q

how many chromosomes are present in anaphase?

A

92 total, 46 pairs

56
Q

cell differentiation

A

changes in physical and functional properties of cells as they proliferate in the embryo to form different bodily structures + organs

57
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed, orderly cell death

58
Q

how does apoptosis occur?

A

proteolytic enzymes are made and released to break down old cells. phagocytic cells consume broken down cells

59
Q

what causes gene mutations?

A

it is unknown because mutations are random

60
Q

what mechanisms are in place to minimize gene mutations during replication?

A

after replication & before mitosis there are a few hours where proof-reading of the DNA occurs

Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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