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Physiology 1- PCCF tri 1 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

nucleotides

A

the building blocks (monomers) of DNA and RNA

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3
Q

what makes up a nucleotide?

A

1 molecule of phosphoric acid, 1 sugar (deoxyribose/ribose), & a base

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4
Q

nitrogenous base

A

a purine hydrogen binds to a pyrimidine to create the rungs and the complimentary code

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5
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine. heterocyclic aromatic compound with a pyrimidine ring fused with an imidazole ring

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6
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine, uracil, and cytosine. heterocyclic aromatic compound with a pyrimidine ring with nitrogen atoms at the 1 + 3 positions

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7
Q

DNA basics

A

double stranded, antiparallel and connected by hydrogen bonds at the rungs

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8
Q

what does adenine bind to in DNA?

A

thymine

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9
Q

what does adenine bind to in RNA?

A

uracil

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10
Q

what does guanine bind to?

A

cytosine

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11
Q

what makes up a full helix?

A

10 pairs of nucleotides

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12
Q

RNA basics

A

single stranded, ribonucleic acid

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13
Q

gene expression

A

the process of transcribing and translating the genetic code of the DNA into proteins

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14
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

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15
Q

transcription

A

DNA to mRNA. occurs in the nucleus. DNA is unwound + separated into 2 strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

RNA polymerase

A

privides energy to unwind and split the DNA chain and add a new RNA nucleotide to the growing chain

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17
Q

what is the responsibility of mRNA?

A

carries the complimentary code, formed during transcription, out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

precursor mRNA

A

large immature, single stranded. gets chopped down (spliced). original RNA copy from DNA

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19
Q

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

A

directs splicing of pre-mRNA. to form mRNA

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20
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm

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21
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

transports activated amino acids to ribosomes so they can be assembled into proteins

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22
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

joins with ribosomes in forming proteins. actually reads the mRNA and assembles the amino acids in the peptide chain

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23
Q

micro RNA (miRNA)

A

single strand RNA. 21-23 nucleotides regulate gene transcription + translation

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24
Q

translation

A

RNA to protein. occurs in cytoplasm near ER. mRNA carries start codon to initiate process. goes to rRNA which, with tRNA reads complementary sequencing in sets of 3

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25
what does the amino acid order determine?
the secondary + tertiary 3D configuration of the protein
26
how are enzymes activated?
by other enzymes or signalers that typically end in -ogen
27
zygomens
the inactive/storage form of enzymes
28
what regulates intracellular functions?
the availability and activity of enzymes
29
what does the inactivation of the 1st enzyme inhibit?
chemical pathways
30
what happens when purines build up in the cells?
it will inhibit the production of other purines + promote the production of pyrimidines
31
gene expression allows us to...
adapt to our environment + allows each cell to perform its specialized function
32
what is the TATA box?
basal promoter for transcription, which is a sequence on DNA
33
why does cell reproduction need to be kept in check?
so that cells do not rapidly produce without causing cancer
34
what will decrease the reproduction rate of cells?
growth factors, available space, and collections of secretions from cells
35
telomeres
region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromatids that protect them from deteriorating
36
what cells are constantly reproducing?
bone marrow, germinal layers of the skin, + epithelium of the gut
37
how often do smooth cells reproduce?
once every few years
38
replication
the process by which 2 new complete sets of DNA are formed from an original template
39
mitosis
the actual process by which the cell splits into 2 new cells with equal chromosomes
40
prophase
condensation of DNA in the chromosomes. formation and migration of centromeres/centrosomes. mitotic spindle begins to form, with microtubule connections
41
prometaphase
fragmentation of the nuclear envelope. formation of aster spines
42
metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, while still connected to the centromere
43
anaphase
microtubules attached to each of the sister chromatids and pull them apart
44
telophase
chromosomes begin to unwind at their opposite ends of the cell and new nuclear membranes form around each clump of chromosomes. mitotic spindle disappears
45
how long before mitosis does DNA replication occur?
5-10 hours
46
how long does DNA replication take?
4-8 hours
47
what does DNA replication require?
enzymes (DNA polymerase + DNA ligase)
48
chromosome
a DNA double helix packed with histones (structural + regulatory proteins)
49
chromatid
1 DNA strand with surrounding histones
50
centromere
the area in the middle of a chromosome joining the 2 identical chromatids
51
aster
spiny star microtubules made by the centrioles
52
mitotic spindle/apparatus
all of the microtubule connections of the centrosomes to the chromatids and to each other
53
how long does mitosis last for?
30 minutes
54
cytokinesis
the actual division of the 2 daughter cells. uses actin and myosin to create a cleavage furrow that forms a constriction ring
55
how many chromosomes are present in anaphase?
92 total, 46 pairs
56
cell differentiation
changes in physical and functional properties of cells as they proliferate in the embryo to form different bodily structures + organs
57
apoptosis
programmed, orderly cell death
58
how does apoptosis occur?
proteolytic enzymes are made and released to break down old cells. phagocytic cells consume broken down cells
59
what causes gene mutations?
it is unknown because mutations are random
60
what mechanisms are in place to minimize gene mutations during replication?
after replication & before mitosis there are a few hours where proof-reading of the DNA occurs

Physiology 1- PCCF tri 1 (15 decks)

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