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Physiology 1 > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what creates diffusion potentials?

A

ion concentrations and charges

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2
Q

nernst potential

A

the diffusion potential across a membrane that opposes net diffusion of a particular ion

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3
Q

what positive ions diffuse OUT of a cell to make it more negative?

A

K+

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4
Q

what positive ion diffuse into the cell to make it more positive?

A

Na+

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5
Q

what negative ions diffuse into the cell to make it more negative?

A

Cl-

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6
Q

efflux

A

leaving the cell

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7
Q

influx

A

entering the cell

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8
Q

what is the resting membrane potential value?

A

-70mV

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9
Q

Na+/K+ pump (ATPase pump)

A

3 Na+ OUT, 2 K+ IN

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10
Q

step 1 of membrane potentials

A

Na+/K+ pump occurs. K+ then leaves cell through leak channels

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11
Q

what is the mV value after Na+/K+ pump?

A

-4mV

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12
Q

what is the mV value after K+ leaves through leak channels?

A

-68mV

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13
Q

step 2 of membrane potentials

A

positive ion enters to summate to threshold

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14
Q

step 3 of membrane potentials

A

threshold is reached by Na+ in through voltage gated channels & Na+ channels close at peak

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15
Q

step 4 of membrane potentials

A

K+ channels open to start repolarization. K+ re-exits cell

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16
Q

step 5 of membrane potentials

A

hyperpolarization is reached when K+ channels close

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17
Q

temporal summation

A

2 or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell in rapid succession

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18
Q

spatial summation

A

2 or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell simultaneously

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19
Q

depolarization

A

process of making the membrane potential less negative by influx of positive ions

20
Q

hyperpolarization

A

process of making the membrane potential more negative by the efflux of positive ions

21
Q

threshold potential

A

the membrane potential where an action potential is created

22
Q

overshoot

A

the portion of the action potential when the membrane potential is a positive value

23
Q

undershoot/hyperpolarization

A

the portion of the action potential where the membrane potential is more negative than resting value

24
Q

absolute refractory period

A

no matter how great the stimulus, another AP cannot be generated

25
Q

relative refractory period

A

another AP can be generated but requires a larger stimulus

26
Q

what causes a sustained hypopolarization of a cell membrane?

A

hyperkalemia

27
Q

conduction velocity

A

the speed APs are conducted along a nerve or muscle fiber

28
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the process of an AP jumping from node to node

29
Q

what is the most common NT released into synaptic cleft?

A

ACH (acetylcholine)

30
Q

types of synapses

A

one-to-one synapse, one-to-many synapse, excitatory postsynaptic potentials, + inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

31
Q

one-to-one synapse

A

neuromuscular junctions

32
Q

many-to-one synapse

A

rare, renshaw cells of spinal cord

33
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials

A

cause depolarization of postsynaptic cell. glutamate/ACH

34
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A

cause hyperpolarization of postsynaptic cell. GABA

35
Q

Chemical gradient

A

Concentration gradient, kinetic or thermal energy

36
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Charges want to neutralize. The negative proteins inside the cell attract pos ions in and repel neg ions

37
Q

Goldman equation

A

The membrane potential of an excitable membrane is determined by the nernst potentials of each of the ions that the membrane is selectively permeable to

38
Q

What factors affects the Goldman equation?

A

The polarity of the electrical charge of each ion, the permeability of the membrane to that ion, concentration of each ion on the inside of the membrane vs the outside

39
Q

Accommodation

A

Stuck in absolute refractory period bc the membrane does not return to resting level and Na+ channels cannot be reset

40
Q

What does accommodation result in?

A

Slow depolarization or hypo-polarized state

41
Q

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

A

For constriction of blood vessels or contraction of a smooth muscle

42
Q

Beta-1 adrenergic receptors

A

For the heart SA node and cardiac muscle

43
Q

Beta-2 adrenergic receptors

A

For dilation of vessels and bronchi

44
Q

Small motor units

A

1 neuron innervates only a few muscle fibers. For fine dexterous control

45
Q

Larger motor units

A

1 neuron innervates many muscle fibers. For gross muscle activity

Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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