chapter 1 Flashcards
physiology
the science that seeks to explain the physical and chemical mechanisms that are responsible for the origin, development and progression of life
pathophysiology
the study of disordered body function. the basis for clinical medicine
homeostasis
maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment
automaticity
the quality or fact of performing involuntary or unconsciously actions. innate processes
negative feedback
a regulatory mechanism that helps maintain the body’s optimal internal state. a biological response where the effects of a reaction slow or stop that reaction
stem cells
baby cells that are influenced by proteins to determine their function. aka undifferentiated cells
differentiated cells
process where unspecialized (undifferentiated) cells mature to become specialized with a form and function
basic characteristics of cells
produce energy from oxygen + nutrient source, perform specific functions, + reproduce additional cells
tissues
groups of cells with related functions
muscle tissue
capable of contraction, forms the muscular system
nervous tissue
conducts electrical impulses, forms the nervous system
connective tissue
widely spaced cells + large amounts of intercellular matrix
what makes up connective tissue?
bone, blood, + cartilage
epithelial tissue
covers body surfaces. lines internal organs, body cavities, and passageways
organs
groups of tissues that work together for the overall function of that organ
organ systems
a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function(s)
what are the main systems that apply to chiropractors?
nervous system, muscular system, and skeletal system
what three organ systems work together unanimously? I.E. when one system is not functioning appropriately the others don’t function well
endocrine system, immune system, and nervous system
intercellular fluid (ICF)
higher concentration of Mg + P’s (potassium, phosphates, protein, + sulfate). 2/3 of body fluid is inside the cells
extracellular fluid
1/3 of total body water. higher concentration of Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3-, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
interstitial fluid
fluid surrounding cells in tissues. low in protein
plasma (intravascular)
fluid component of blood (WBCs + RBCs)
transcellular fluid
small amount of fluid in joints, GI tract, CSF, eyes
movement of fluid through the body
- fluid consumed through GI tract
- diffuses into blood plasma
- diffuses through capillary membrane to interstitial spaces
- fluid crosses cell/plasma membrane to become intracellular fluid
- garbage released from cell into interstitial fluid
- garbage breathed out from the lungs, filtered through kidney/liver
homeostatsis
a fixed set point. maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment
what has a fixed set point or is under tight homeostatic control?
pH, K+ levels, Ca2+ levels
homeo-dynamic
changes set point to accommodate environment or situation
what is controlled by homeo-dynamics?
body temp, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure
regulatory systems
nervous system + endocrine system
nervous system
rapid adaptation + control. muscular and secretory activities. sensory + motor pathways
endocrine system
slower, long term adaptation/control. metabolic functions, growth, reproduction
protective systems
immune system + integumentary system
structural divisions of nervous system
central nervous system + peripheral nervous system
functional divisions of nervous system
sensory receptors and pathways
sensory from the body
somatic. information from the skin, skeletal muscle, ligaments, joint receptors
sensory from the organs
visceral. information from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, + glands
sensory from special senses
vision (CN II), hearing (CN VIII), smell (CN I), taste (CNs VII, IX, X)
integration + cognition
processing in the brain, brainstem, or spinal cord
sympathetic, fight or flight response
pupils dilate, hair stands up, sweat glands secrete, heart beats stronger + faster, blood pressure increases, lung bronchioles dilate, vasodilation to skeletal/cardiac muscle, and vasoconstriction to skin/GI tract
parasympathetic, rest and digest
pupils constrict + lens accommodates for near vision, secretion of tears, saliva, gastric juices, peristalsis occurs, heart beats slower
negative feedback
initial stimulus triggers a corrective pathway or the end product decreases further production
neg feedback hormone pathways
thyroid hormone (T3/T4) is the end product that inhibits release of TSH from anterior pituitary. neg feedback
neg feedback blood glucose regulation
CHECK STUDY GUIDE, NOT TYPING IT ALL OUT
neg feedback body temperature
body temp intentionally moves the set point (fever, pregnancy)
hypothermia
blood vessels constrict, muscles contract involuntarily to generate heat
hyperthermia
blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete, releasing heat to environment
positive feedback
initial stimulus causes more of the same until that stimulus is resolved or removed. short term solutions
pos feedback blood clotting
platelets activated + attract more platelets to form plug + stop bleeding
is child birth positive or negative feedback?
positive
what kind of feedback is brain edema?
positive. can lead to death
feed forward
a response in anticipation of a stimulus, ex: saliva secretion in anticipation of food. type of negative feedback
