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Physiology 1 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

the science that seeks to explain the physical and chemical mechanisms that are responsible for the origin, development and progression of life

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2
Q

pathophysiology

A

the study of disordered body function. the basis for clinical medicine

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3
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

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4
Q

automaticity

A

the quality or fact of performing involuntary or unconsciously actions. innate processes

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5
Q

negative feedback

A

a regulatory mechanism that helps maintain the body’s optimal internal state. a biological response where the effects of a reaction slow or stop that reaction

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6
Q

stem cells

A

baby cells that are influenced by proteins to determine their function. aka undifferentiated cells

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7
Q

differentiated cells

A

process where unspecialized (undifferentiated) cells mature to become specialized with a form and function

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8
Q

basic characteristics of cells

A

produce energy from oxygen + nutrient source, perform specific functions, + reproduce additional cells

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9
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells with related functions

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10
Q

muscle tissue

A

capable of contraction, forms the muscular system

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11
Q

nervous tissue

A

conducts electrical impulses, forms the nervous system

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12
Q

connective tissue

A

widely spaced cells + large amounts of intercellular matrix

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13
Q

what makes up connective tissue?

A

bone, blood, + cartilage

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14
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces. lines internal organs, body cavities, and passageways

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15
Q

organs

A

groups of tissues that work together for the overall function of that organ

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16
Q

organ systems

A

a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function(s)

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17
Q

what are the main systems that apply to chiropractors?

A

nervous system, muscular system, and skeletal system

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18
Q

what three organ systems work together unanimously? I.E. when one system is not functioning appropriately the others don’t function well

A

endocrine system, immune system, and nervous system

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19
Q

intercellular fluid (ICF)

A

higher concentration of Mg + P’s (potassium, phosphates, protein, + sulfate). 2/3 of body fluid is inside the cells

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20
Q

extracellular fluid

A

1/3 of total body water. higher concentration of Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3-, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

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21
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid surrounding cells in tissues. low in protein

22
Q

plasma (intravascular)

A

fluid component of blood (WBCs + RBCs)

23
Q

transcellular fluid

A

small amount of fluid in joints, GI tract, CSF, eyes

24
Q

movement of fluid through the body

A
  1. fluid consumed through GI tract
  2. diffuses into blood plasma
  3. diffuses through capillary membrane to interstitial spaces
  4. fluid crosses cell/plasma membrane to become intracellular fluid
  5. garbage released from cell into interstitial fluid
  6. garbage breathed out from the lungs, filtered through kidney/liver
25
Q

homeostatsis

A

a fixed set point. maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

26
Q

what has a fixed set point or is under tight homeostatic control?

A

pH, K+ levels, Ca2+ levels

27
Q

homeo-dynamic

A

changes set point to accommodate environment or situation

28
Q

what is controlled by homeo-dynamics?

A

body temp, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure

29
Q

regulatory systems

A

nervous system + endocrine system

30
Q

nervous system

A

rapid adaptation + control. muscular and secretory activities. sensory + motor pathways

31
Q

endocrine system

A

slower, long term adaptation/control. metabolic functions, growth, reproduction

32
Q

protective systems

A

immune system + integumentary system

33
Q

structural divisions of nervous system

A

central nervous system + peripheral nervous system

34
Q

functional divisions of nervous system

A

sensory receptors and pathways

35
Q

sensory from the body

A

somatic. information from the skin, skeletal muscle, ligaments, joint receptors

36
Q

sensory from the organs

A

visceral. information from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, + glands

37
Q

sensory from special senses

A

vision (CN II), hearing (CN VIII), smell (CN I), taste (CNs VII, IX, X)

38
Q

integration + cognition

A

processing in the brain, brainstem, or spinal cord

39
Q

sympathetic, fight or flight response

A

pupils dilate, hair stands up, sweat glands secrete, heart beats stronger + faster, blood pressure increases, lung bronchioles dilate, vasodilation to skeletal/cardiac muscle, and vasoconstriction to skin/GI tract

40
Q

parasympathetic, rest and digest

A

pupils constrict + lens accommodates for near vision, secretion of tears, saliva, gastric juices, peristalsis occurs, heart beats slower

41
Q

negative feedback

A

initial stimulus triggers a corrective pathway or the end product decreases further production

42
Q

neg feedback hormone pathways

A

thyroid hormone (T3/T4) is the end product that inhibits release of TSH from anterior pituitary. neg feedback

43
Q

neg feedback blood glucose regulation

A

CHECK STUDY GUIDE, NOT TYPING IT ALL OUT

44
Q

neg feedback body temperature

A

body temp intentionally moves the set point (fever, pregnancy)

45
Q

hypothermia

A

blood vessels constrict, muscles contract involuntarily to generate heat

46
Q

hyperthermia

A

blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete, releasing heat to environment

47
Q

positive feedback

A

initial stimulus causes more of the same until that stimulus is resolved or removed. short term solutions

48
Q

pos feedback blood clotting

A

platelets activated + attract more platelets to form plug + stop bleeding

49
Q

is child birth positive or negative feedback?

A

positive

50
Q

what kind of feedback is brain edema?

A

positive. can lead to death

51
Q

feed forward

A

a response in anticipation of a stimulus, ex: saliva secretion in anticipation of food. type of negative feedback

Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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