Chapter 6

Question 1

Individuals of the same species residing
in a particular area are referred to as a
__________.

Answer 1

population

Question 2

________ of the ecosystem is directly
impacted by population dynamics

Answer 2

Sustainability

Question 3

A ________ consists of a group of
interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area
at the same time. In most natural
populations, individuals vary slightly
in their genetic makeup; which is
why they do not all look or behave
exactly like a phenomenon called
____________.

Answer 3

population, genetic diversity

Question 4

Speaks of a population’s birth
rate, or the quantity of new
members brought about via
reproduction.
Typically expressed as the
number of live births per 1,000
individuals per yea

Answer 4

NATALITY

Question 5

Describes the death rate,
or the total number of
people who pass away
within a population within
a given time frame

Answer 5

MORTALITY

Question 6

The ratio of men to women in
a population is known as the
“sex ratio.” It is frequently
stated as the ratio of males
to girls, or 100 to 1.

Answer 6

SEX RATIO

Question 7

The proportion of individuals
in each age group in a
population

Answer 7

AGE STRUCTURE

Question 8

Common Age Group

Answer 8

pre-reproductive
post-reproductive

Question 9

The number of individuals present in a
subjectively designated geographic
range

Answer 9

POPULATION
SIZE

Question 10

Population size is influenced by four
factors:

Answer 10

births, deaths, immigration,
and emigration.

Question 11

If the number of individuals added from
births and immigration equals the
number lost to deaths and immigration,
then there is__________

Answer 11

zero population growth

Question 12

The number of individuals of a
population in a certain space at a given
time

Answer 12

POPULATION
DENSITY

Question 13

For __________, it is usually
expressed as the number of individuals
per unit area while for aquatic
ecosystems, it is usually expressed as
the number of individuals per unit
volume

Answer 13

terrestrial ecosystems

Question 14

The spatial pattern in which the
members of a population are found in
their habitat

Answer 14

POPULATION
DISPERSION

Question 15

Individuals within populations are
distributed in patterns that may be
________, _________, or _________

Answer 15

random, uniform, or clumped

Question 16

__________ can be produced
by the social interactions within
populations, by the structure of the
physical environment, or by a
combination of the two

Answer 16

Patterns of dispersion

Question 17

__________- in population
ecology is a change in the number of
members of a certain species in a
particular location during a particular
time period

Answer 17

Population growth

Question 18

Populations vary in their capacity for growth, also
known as the ___________ of the population

Answer 18

biotic potential

Question 19

The rate at which a population could
grow if it had unlimited resources is
the ___________, r.

Answer 19

intrinsic rate of increase

Question 20

It is expressed as the number of new
individuals per existing individual per
unit of time, such as the number of
piglets per existing sow per year.

Answer 20

intrinsic rate of increase, r.

Question 21

_______________ consists of
all the factors acting jointly to limit
the growth of a population. The
__________ of a species in a given
place and time is determined by the
interplay between its biotic potential
and environmental resistance.

Answer 21

Environmental resistance, population size

Question 22

The population size of a species in a given place and time is determined by
the interplay between its _________ and ___________

Answer 22

biotic potential, environmental resistance.

Question 23

Growth factor of Abiotic

Answer 23

Favorable light
Favorable temperature
Favorable chemical
environment

Question 24

Decrease factor of abiotic

Answer 24

Too much or too little light
Temperature too high or too low
Unfavorable chemical
environment

Question 25

FACTORS THAT TEND TO INCREASE OR DECREASE THE POPULATION

Answer 25

Abiotic and biotic

Question 26

growth factor of biotic

Answer 26

High reproductive rate Generalized niche Adequate food supply Suitable Habitat Ability to compete for resources Ability to defend against predators Resist parasites and diseases or parasites Migrate Adapt to environmental change

Question 27

decrease factor of biotic

Answer 27

Low reproductive rate Specialized niche Inadequate food supply Unsuitable or destroyed habitat Too many competitors Can’t defend against predators Inability to fight diseases or parasites Inability to migrate Inability to adapt to environmental change

Question 28

the number of individuals of a given species that can be sustained indefinitely in a given space (area or volume)

Answer 28

carrying capacity, K

Question 29

TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH CURVE

Answer 29

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH LOGISTIC GROWTH SURVIVOR-SHIP CURVES

Question 30

shows the population grows faster with time starts out slowly and then proceeds faster and faster as the population increases. If the number of individuals is plotted against time, this sequence yields a_____________

Answer 30

Exponential growth, J-shaped exponential growth curve

Question 31

It involves exponential population growth when the population is small and a steady decrease in population growth with time as the population approaches the carrying capacity. A plot of the number of individuals against time yields a ____________ logistic growth curve.

Answer 31

logistic growth. sigmoid or S-shaped

Question 32

_______ plot the numbers in a cohort still alive at each age.

Answer 32

Survivor curves

Question 33

A _______ refers to a group of individuals that share common characteristics or experiences within a defined time period or population (Setia, 2015).

Answer 33

cohort

Question 34

________ is flat during early and middle life and drops suddenly as death rate increases among the elderly

Answer 34

Type I

Question 35

Associated with species such as humans and other large mammals that produce few offspring that are well cared for

Answer 35

type 1

Question 36

________ is intermediate, with mortality more constant over life spans. This type is seen in Hydra, gray squirrels, and birds

Answer 36

Type II

Question 37

________ shows very high death rates for the young, followed by lower death rates.

Answer 37

Type III

Question 38

This type is often associated with organisms, such as oysters, that produce very many offspring but provide little or no care. More examples are trees, marine invertebrates, and most fishes

Answer 38

Type III

Question 39

Species use different reproductive strategies to survive and adapt to their environments. These strategies fall into two main categories: Reproductive Strategies

Answer 39

r-strategists and K-strategists

Question 40

These species thrive in unstable, unpredictable environments by focusing on rapid reproduction.

Answer 40

R-Strategists

Question 41

Characteristics of r-strategists

Answer 41

Rapid reproduction Minimal Parental Care High reproductive rates

Question 42

Early maturity, short lifespan

Answer 42

Rapid Reproduction

Question 43

Offspring are independent from birth

Answer 43

Minimal Parental Care

Question 44

Large number of offspring, few survive

Answer 44

High Reproductive Rates

Question 45

These species are adapted to more stable environments, emphasizing survival over reproduction.

Answer 45

K-strategists

Question 46

Characteristics of k-strategists

Answer 46

late maturity longer lifespan significant parental care stable populations

Question 47

Reproduce later, fewer offspring

Answer 47

Late Maturation

Question 48

Focus on survival and care for offspring

Answer 48

Longer Lifespans

Question 49

High investment in each offspring’s success

Answer 49

Significant Parental Care

Question 50

Populations remain near the environment's carrying capacity (K)

Answer 50

Stable Populations

Question 51

n population ecology, two key categories of factors influence population size (POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS)

Answer 51

density-dependent and density-independent factors

Question 52

These factors become more pronounced as a population grows larger and denser. They are intrinsic to the interactions within the population and ecosystem

Answer 52

Density-Dependent Factors

Question 53

characteristics of density dependent factors

Answer 53

Competition for Resources predation disease

Question 53

Limited food, water, and shelter lead to greater competition

Answer 53

Competition for Resources

Question 54

Larger populations make prey more visible to predators

Answer 54

Predation

Question 55

Higher density increases the spread of diseases

Answer 55

Disease

Question 56

these influences impact populations regardless of their size and tend to be abiotic (non-living) in nature:

Answer 56

Density-Independent Factors

Question 57

Characteristics of density-independent factors

Answer 57

Natural Disasters Environmental Changes Climate Extremes

Question 58

Hurricanes, wildfires, droughts, floods

Answer 58

Natural Disasters

Question 59

Pollution, habitat destruction, temperature shifts

Answer 59

Environmental Changes

Question 60

Unseasonable heat or cold impacting survival

Answer 60

Climate Extremes