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Envi Sci (Finals) > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Individuals of the same species residing
in a particular area are referred to as a
__________.

A

population

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2
Q

________ of the ecosystem is directly
impacted by population dynamics

A

Sustainability

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3
Q

A ________ consists of a group of
interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area
at the same time. In most natural
populations, individuals vary slightly
in their genetic makeup; which is
why they do not all look or behave
exactly like a phenomenon called
____________.

A

population, genetic diversity

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4
Q

Speaks of a population’s birth
rate, or the quantity of new
members brought about via
reproduction.
Typically expressed as the
number of live births per 1,000
individuals per yea

A

NATALITY

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5
Q

Describes the death rate,
or the total number of
people who pass away
within a population within
a given time frame

A

MORTALITY

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6
Q

The ratio of men to women in
a population is known as the
“sex ratio.” It is frequently
stated as the ratio of males
to girls, or 100 to 1.

A

SEX RATIO

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7
Q

The proportion of individuals
in each age group in a
population

A

AGE STRUCTURE

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8
Q

Common Age Group

A

pre-reproductive
post-reproductive

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9
Q

The number of individuals present in a
subjectively designated geographic
range

A

POPULATION
SIZE

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10
Q

Population size is influenced by four
factors:

A

births, deaths, immigration,
and emigration.

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11
Q

If the number of individuals added from
births and immigration equals the
number lost to deaths and immigration,
then there is__________

A

zero population growth

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12
Q

The number of individuals of a
population in a certain space at a given
time

A

POPULATION
DENSITY

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13
Q

For __________, it is usually
expressed as the number of individuals
per unit area while for aquatic
ecosystems, it is usually expressed as
the number of individuals per unit
volume

A

terrestrial ecosystems

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14
Q

The spatial pattern in which the
members of a population are found in
their habitat

A

POPULATION
DISPERSION

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15
Q

Individuals within populations are
distributed in patterns that may be
________, _________, or _________

A

random, uniform, or clumped

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16
Q

__________ can be produced
by the social interactions within
populations, by the structure of the
physical environment, or by a
combination of the two

A

Patterns of dispersion

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17
Q

__________- in population
ecology is a change in the number of
members of a certain species in a
particular location during a particular
time period

A

Population growth

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18
Q

Populations vary in their capacity for growth, also
known as the ___________ of the population

A

biotic potential

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19
Q

The rate at which a population could
grow if it had unlimited resources is
the ___________, r.

A

intrinsic rate of increase

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20
Q

It is expressed as the number of new
individuals per existing individual per
unit of time, such as the number of
piglets per existing sow per year.

A

intrinsic rate of increase, r.

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21
Q

_______________ consists of
all the factors acting jointly to limit
the growth of a population. The
__________ of a species in a given
place and time is determined by the
interplay between its biotic potential
and environmental resistance.

A

Environmental resistance, population size

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22
Q

The population size of a species in a given place and time is determined by
the interplay between its _________ and ___________

A

biotic potential, environmental resistance.

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23
Q

Growth factor of Abiotic

A

Favorable light
Favorable temperature
Favorable chemical
environment

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24
Q

Decrease factor of abiotic

A

Too much or too little light
Temperature too high or too low
Unfavorable chemical
environment

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25
Q

FACTORS THAT TEND TO INCREASE
OR DECREASE THE POPULATION

A

Abiotic and biotic

26
Q

growth factor of biotic

A

High reproductive rate
Generalized niche
Adequate food supply
Suitable Habitat
Ability to compete for resources
Ability to defend against predators
Resist parasites and diseases or parasites
Migrate
Adapt to environmental change

27
Q

decrease factor of biotic

A

Low reproductive rate
Specialized niche
Inadequate food supply
Unsuitable or destroyed habitat
Too many competitors
Can’t defend against predators
Inability to fight diseases or parasites
Inability to migrate
Inability to adapt to environmental change

28
Q

the number of
individuals of a given species
that can be sustained
indefinitely in a given space
(area or volume)

A

carrying
capacity, K

29
Q

TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH CURVE

A

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
LOGISTIC GROWTH
SURVIVOR-SHIP CURVES

30
Q

shows the population grows faster
with time
starts out slowly and then proceeds
faster and faster as the population
increases.
If the number of individuals is
plotted against time, this sequence
yields a_____________

A

Exponential growth, J-shaped exponential
growth curve

31
Q

It involves exponential population
growth when the population is small
and a steady decrease in population
growth with time as the population
approaches the carrying capacity.
A plot of the number of individuals
against time yields a ____________ logistic growth curve.

A

logistic growth. sigmoid or S-shaped

32
Q

_______ plot the numbers in a cohort still alive at each age.

A

Survivor curves

33
Q

A _______ refers to a group of individuals that share common characteristics or
experiences within a defined time period or population (Setia, 2015).

A

cohort

34
Q

________ is flat during early and
middle life and drops suddenly
as death rate increases among
the elderly

A

Type I

35
Q

Associated with species such as
humans and other large
mammals that produce few
offspring that are well cared
for

A

type 1

36
Q

________ is intermediate, with
mortality more constant over
life spans. This type is seen in
Hydra, gray squirrels, and birds

A

Type II

37
Q

________ shows very high death
rates for the young, followed
by lower death rates.

A

Type III

38
Q

This type is often associated
with organisms, such as
oysters, that produce very
many offspring but provide
little or no care. More
examples are trees, marine
invertebrates, and most fishes

A

Type III

39
Q

Species use different reproductive strategies to survive and adapt
to their environments. These strategies fall into two main
categories: Reproductive Strategies

A

r-strategists and K-strategists

40
Q

These species thrive in unstable,
unpredictable environments by
focusing on rapid reproduction.

A

R-Strategists

41
Q

Characteristics of r-strategists

A

Rapid reproduction
Minimal Parental Care
High reproductive rates

42
Q

Early maturity, short lifespan

A

Rapid Reproduction

43
Q

Offspring are independent from
birth

A

Minimal Parental Care

44
Q

Large number of offspring, few
survive

A

High Reproductive Rates

45
Q

These species are adapted to more
stable environments, emphasizing
survival over reproduction.

A

K-strategists

46
Q

Characteristics of k-strategists

A

late maturity
longer lifespan
significant parental care
stable populations

47
Q

Reproduce later, fewer
offspring

A

Late Maturation

48
Q

Focus on survival and care for
offspring

A

Longer Lifespans

49
Q

High investment in each
offspring’s success

A

Significant Parental Care

50
Q

Populations remain near the
environment’s carrying capacity (K)

A

Stable Populations

51
Q

n population ecology, two key categories of factors influence
population size (POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS)

A

density-dependent and density-independent factors

52
Q

These factors become more pronounced as a population grows larger and denser.
They are intrinsic to the interactions within the population and ecosystem

A

Density-Dependent Factors

53
Q

characteristics of density dependent factors

A

Competition for Resources
predation
disease

53
Q

Limited food, water, and shelter
lead to greater competition

A

Competition for Resources

54
Q

Larger populations make prey
more visible to predators

A

Predation

55
Q

Higher density increases the
spread of diseases

A

Disease

56
Q

these influences impact populations regardless
of their size and tend to be abiotic (non-living) in nature:

A

Density-Independent Factors

57
Q

Characteristics of density-independent factors

A

Natural Disasters
Environmental Changes
Climate Extremes

58
Q

Hurricanes, wildfires, droughts,
floods

A

Natural Disasters

59
Q

Pollution, habitat destruction,
temperature shifts

A

Environmental Changes

60
Q

Unseasonable heat or cold
impacting survival

A

Climate Extremes

Envi Sci (Finals) (12 decks)

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