Chapter 6

Question 1

a single element of a culture, such as a tradition, belief, or custom, that defines a particular aspect of that culture. Smallest distinctive item of culture–regular occurrence.

Answer 1

cultural trait

Question 2

consists of a group of interrelated culture traits that collectively define one specific cultural practice or aspect.

Answer 2

Culture Complex

Question 3

a broader framework that encompasses various culture complexes, traits, and the social institutions that influence a particular culture.

Answer 3

Culture System

Question 4

is a geographical area characterized by the presence of certain cultural traits or complexes that distinguish it from other regions.

Answer 4

Culture region

Question 5

is a larger area that includes multiple culture regions that share common characteristics, such as language, religion, or customs.

Answer 5

Culture realm

Question 6

refers to the process by which cultural traits, ideas, or innovations spread across space from one location to another, influencing different areas.

Answer 6

Spatial Diffusion

Question 7

is the blending of different religious, cultural, or philosophical beliefs and practices, resulting in new, hybrid forms of expression.

Answer 7

Syncretism

Question 8

is the process by which individuals or groups from one culture adopt traits from another culture while still retaining their original cultural identity.

Answer 8

Acculturation

Question 9

suggests that cultures merge and create a new, distinct culture, often through intermarriage and social integration.

Answer 9

Amalgamation Theory

Question 10

the process by which individuals or groups from one culture become absorbed into another culture, often losing their original cultural identity in the process.

Answer 10

Assimilation

Question 11

Variations of a language that are specific to a particular region or social group, often distinguished by vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar.

Answer 11

Dialects

Question 12

Place names that provide insights into the history, culture, and characteristics of a location.

Answer 12

Toponyms

Question 13

is the point at which the effects of distance begin to significantly impact interactions, relationships, or behaviors between people or entities. Beyond this distance, communication and connectivity may diminish.

Answer 13

Critical distance

Question 14

is the principle that the likelihood of interaction or connection between two entities decreases as the distance between them increases. The further apart they are, the less likely they are to engage with each other.

Answer 14

Distance decay

Question 15

A form of spatial diffusion where an idea or innovation spreads rapidly and widely through a population, often in a manner similar to a virus.

Answer 15

Contagious Diffusion

Question 16

A form of spatial diffusion where ideas or innovations spread from larger, influential nodes or cities to smaller, less influential ones, often following a hierarchy.

Answer 16

Hierarchical Diffusion

Question 17

What type of culture: material, sociological, ideological?

anything tangible

Answer 17

material

Question 18

What type of culture: material, sociological, ideological?

mannerisms, family structure, gender roles, etiquette,

Answer 18

sociological

Question 19

What type of culture: material, sociological, ideological?

values (religion, respect for environment or people, honor and shame etc.)

Answer 19

ideological

Question 20

Distinctive culture traits of societies and regions is related to:

Answer 20

cultural diversity

Question 21

4 types of cultural diversity

Answer 21

Language
Religion
Ethnicity
Gender

Question 22

Organized verbal communication with mutual comprehension

Answer 22

language

Question 23

the most important medium by which culture is transmitted

Answer 23

language

Question 24

Cause and symbol of cultural differentiation

Answer 24

language

Question 25

Majority of languages are spoken on which two continents?

Answer 25

Africa and Asia

Question 26

How many approximate languages are spoken in the world?

Answer 26

7100

Question 27

You can track what through language?

Answer 27

history

Question 28

what is a speech community

Answer 28

group that speaks a common language

Question 29

a speech community consists of what two things?

Answer 29

standard language and dialects

Question 30

what is standard langauge

Answer 30

comprises accepted community norms of syntax, vocabulary, pronunciation

Question 31

examples of standard langauge

Answer 31

yall, gimme, hafta, wanna, gonna, gotta, etc

Question 32

ordinary speech of areal, social, professional or other subdivisions of the general population (variant)

Answer 32

dialect

Question 33

most dialects exhibit _____ ______

Answer 33

spatial patterns

Question 34

two ways language can spread and change

Answer 34

1. Dispersion & acquisition 2. Segregation & isolation

Question 35

what type of language change does this describe: Gradual changes over time ; Mutually incomprehensible; Remote locations, time

Answer 35

Segregation and isolation Think of shakespearean english

Question 36

What can affect endangered languages? Many languages are ______ Regions with ______ populations/tribes Isolated & _______ Urbanization & ________ Lack of _______ Nearly _____ of languages are at risk

Answer 36

disappearing small remote migration transmission ½

Question 37

true or false: Native Hawaiian language at risk of becoming extinct

Answer 37

true

Question 38

what does friction of distance mean?

Answer 38

distance reduces interaction

Question 39

What is friction of distance influenced by?

Answer 39

Cost, effort, means

Question 40

Amount of human interaction is a function of what two things?

Answer 40

1. the distance between two places 2. population numbers

Question 41

Object or event perceived as far away

Answer 41

psychological distance

Question 42

In psychological distance effort is measured in terms of

Answer 42

time-distance

Question 43

Tobler's First Law of Geography

Answer 43

Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things

Question 44

Further distances rely on...

Answer 44

news, phone, internet

Question 45

In terms of distance, what is the most important?

Answer 45

Face-Face

Question 46

Internet, cell phones, telecommute jobs are examples of

Answer 46

telecommunications

Question 47

What increases spatial interaction exponentially

Answer 47

telecommunications

Question 48

Caused decentralization to suburbs (urban sprawl)

Answer 48

cars

Question 49

4 Barriers to Interaction

Answer 49

Physical Barriers, Political Barriers, Cultural Barriers, Cost & Means

Question 50

What type of barrier to interaction? Mountains, rivers, lakes, deserts

Answer 50

Physical

Question 51

What type of barrier to interaction? Distance to friends, Frequency of other interactions: phone, social media, Favor short distance interaction

Answer 51

Cost and Means

Question 52

What type of barrier to interaction include: Language Differences Religious Practices Social Norms and Customs Political or Historical Tensions Ethnic Differences

Answer 52

Cultural

Question 53

What type of barrier to interaction include: Bans on specific literature genres Restrictions on social media China, Venezuela, Russia Impede cultural contact Fortified borders

Answer 53

Political

Question 54

Spatial diffusion continues until (2)

Answer 54

it hits barriers saturated

Question 55

Type of diffusion: Hierarchical occurring with contagious; Common in dense populations; Spread to top of hierarchy first (ex. large cities), then by contagious nearby

Answer 55

Hierarchical diffusion

Question 56

Choose an example of cultural syncretism and explain how different cultures have blended to create something new. Provide details of the cultures involved, diffusion types, and the outcome of this cultural syncretism.

Answer 56

Example: Voodoo in New Orleans Cultures: Blending West African spiritual practices with French Catholic and Caribbean influences. Details: Enslaved Africans brought their religious beliefs, which gradually merged with Catholic saints and rituals, creating a unique spiritual system. Diffusion types: This spread through contagious diffusion within local communities and spatial diffusion as practices moved from port areas to other parts of New Orleans and surrounding regions. Outcome: The result is a distinct form of Voodoo that is now a key part of New Orleans' cultural identity, showcasing a mix of African, Catholic, and local elements.

Question 57

Collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior, and social organizations

Answer 57

Culture

Question 58

How is culture complex

Answer 58

It is understood differently by casual observer vs. participant

Question 59

Role and interrelationships of individuals and groups

Answer 59

social structure

Question 60

Culture is generally not _____ because there are competing ______ within overarching culture

Answer 60

homogenous subcultures

Question 61

culture region is based on:

Answer 61

single culture traits culture complexes political, social, or economic integration

Question 62

Culture _____ can be very generalized & misleading

Answer 62

Realm

Question 63

What influences rate of change in culture (5)

Answer 63

Innovation Spatial Diffusion Acculturation Assimilation Cultural Syncretism (exam ?)

Question 64

Cultural _____: People congregate and derive meaning from the spaces they occupy in common and mark these spaces as places by “stamping” their culture into it.

Answer 64

Landscape