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Geography F24 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

Lectures 1 and 2

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1
Q

a single element of a culture, such as a tradition, belief, or custom, that defines a particular aspect of that culture. Smallest distinctive item of culture–regular occurrence.

A

cultural trait

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2
Q

consists of a group of interrelated culture traits that collectively define one specific cultural practice or aspect.

A

Culture Complex

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3
Q

a broader framework that encompasses various culture complexes, traits, and the social institutions that influence a particular culture.

A

Culture System

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4
Q

is a geographical area characterized by the presence of certain cultural traits or complexes that distinguish it from other regions.

A

Culture region

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5
Q

is a larger area that includes multiple culture regions that share common characteristics, such as language, religion, or customs.

A

Culture realm

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6
Q

refers to the process by which cultural traits, ideas, or innovations spread across space from one location to another, influencing different areas.

A

Spatial Diffusion

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7
Q

is the blending of different religious, cultural, or philosophical beliefs and practices, resulting in new, hybrid forms of expression.

A

Syncretism

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8
Q

is the process by which individuals or groups from one culture adopt traits from another culture while still retaining their original cultural identity.

A

Acculturation

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9
Q

suggests that cultures merge and create a new, distinct culture, often through intermarriage and social integration.

A

Amalgamation Theory

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10
Q

the process by which individuals or groups from one culture become absorbed into another culture, often losing their original cultural identity in the process.

A

Assimilation

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11
Q

Variations of a language that are specific to a particular region or social group, often distinguished by vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar.

A

Dialects

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12
Q

Place names that provide insights into the history, culture, and characteristics of a location.

A

Toponyms

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13
Q

is the point at which the effects of distance begin to significantly impact interactions, relationships, or behaviors between people or entities. Beyond this distance, communication and connectivity may diminish.

A

Critical distance

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14
Q

is the principle that the likelihood of interaction or connection between two entities decreases as the distance between them increases. The further apart they are, the less likely they are to engage with each other.

A

Distance decay

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15
Q

A form of spatial diffusion where an idea or innovation spreads rapidly and widely through a population, often in a manner similar to a virus.

A

Contagious Diffusion

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16
Q

A form of spatial diffusion where ideas or innovations spread from larger, influential nodes or cities to smaller, less influential ones, often following a hierarchy.

A

Hierarchical Diffusion

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17
Q

What type of culture: material, sociological, ideological?

anything tangible

A

material

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18
Q

What type of culture: material, sociological, ideological?

mannerisms, family structure, gender roles, etiquette,

A

sociological

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19
Q

What type of culture: material, sociological, ideological?

values (religion, respect for environment or people, honor and shame etc.)

A

ideological

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20
Q

Distinctive culture traits of societies and regions is related to:

A

cultural diversity

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21
Q

4 types of cultural diversity

A

Language
Religion
Ethnicity
Gender

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22
Q

Organized verbal communication with mutual comprehension

A

language

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23
Q

the most important medium by which culture is transmitted

A

language

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24
Q

Cause and symbol of cultural differentiation

A

language

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25
Q

Majority of languages are spoken on which two continents?

A

Africa and Asia

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26
Q

How many approximate languages are spoken in the world?

A

7100

27
Q

You can track what through language?

A

history

28
Q

what is a speech community

A

group that speaks a common language

29
Q

a speech community consists of what two things?

A

standard language and dialects

30
Q

what is standard langauge

A

comprises accepted community norms of syntax, vocabulary, pronunciation

31
Q

examples of standard langauge

A

yall, gimme, hafta, wanna, gonna, gotta, etc

32
Q

ordinary speech of areal, social, professional or other subdivisions of the general population (variant)

A

dialect

33
Q

most dialects exhibit _____ ______

A

spatial patterns

34
Q

two ways language can spread and change

A
  1. Dispersion & acquisition
  2. Segregation & isolation
35
Q

what type of language change does this describe: Gradual changes over time ; Mutually incomprehensible; Remote locations, time

A

Segregation and isolation

Think of shakespearean english

36
Q

What can affect endangered languages?

Many languages are ______
Regions with ______ populations/tribes
Isolated & _______
Urbanization & ________
Lack of _______
Nearly _____ of languages are at risk

A

disappearing
small
remote
migration
transmission
½

37
Q

true or false: Native Hawaiian language at risk of becoming extinct

A

true

38
Q

what does friction of distance mean?

A

distance reduces interaction

39
Q

What is friction of distance influenced by?

A

Cost, effort, means

40
Q

Amount of human interaction is a function of what two things?

A
  1. the distance between two places
  2. population numbers
41
Q

Object or event perceived as far away

A

psychological distance

42
Q

In psychological distance effort is measured in terms of

A

time-distance

43
Q

Tobler’s First Law of Geography

A

Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things

44
Q

Further distances rely on…

A

news, phone, internet

45
Q

In terms of distance, what is the most important?

A

Face-Face

46
Q

Internet, cell phones, telecommute jobs are examples of

A

telecommunications

47
Q

What increases spatial interaction exponentially

A

telecommunications

48
Q

Caused decentralization to suburbs (urban sprawl)

A

cars

49
Q

4 Barriers to Interaction

A

Physical Barriers, Political Barriers, Cultural Barriers, Cost & Means

50
Q

What type of barrier to interaction?
Mountains, rivers, lakes, deserts

A

Physical

51
Q

What type of barrier to interaction?
Distance to friends, Frequency of other interactions: phone, social media, Favor short distance interaction

A

Cost and Means

52
Q

What type of barrier to interaction include:
Language Differences
Religious Practices
Social Norms and Customs
Political or Historical Tensions
Ethnic Differences

A

Cultural

53
Q

What type of barrier to interaction include:
Bans on specific literature genres
Restrictions on social media
China, Venezuela, Russia
Impede cultural contact
Fortified borders

A

Political

54
Q

Spatial diffusion continues until (2)

A

it hits barriers
saturated

55
Q

Type of diffusion:

Hierarchical occurring with contagious; Common in dense populations; Spread to top of hierarchy first (ex. large cities), then by contagious nearby

A

Hierarchical diffusion

56
Q

Choose an example of cultural syncretism and explain how different cultures have blended to create something new. Provide details of the cultures involved, diffusion types, and the outcome of this cultural syncretism.

A

Example: Voodoo in New Orleans
Cultures: Blending West African spiritual practices with French Catholic and Caribbean influences. Details: Enslaved Africans brought their religious beliefs, which gradually merged with Catholic saints and rituals, creating a unique spiritual system.
Diffusion types: This spread through contagious diffusion within local communities and spatial diffusion as practices moved from port areas to other parts of New Orleans and surrounding regions.
Outcome: The result is a distinct form of Voodoo that is now a key part of New Orleans’ cultural identity, showcasing a mix of African, Catholic, and local elements.

57
Q

Collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior, and social organizations

A

Culture

58
Q

How is culture complex

A

It is understood differently by casual observer vs. participant

59
Q

Role and interrelationships of individuals and groups

A

social structure

60
Q

Culture is generally not _____
because there are competing ______ within overarching culture

A

homogenous
subcultures

61
Q

culture region is based on:

A

single culture traits
culture complexes
political, social, or economic integration

62
Q

Culture _____ can be very generalized & misleading

A

Realm

63
Q

What influences rate of change in culture (5)

A

Innovation
Spatial Diffusion
Acculturation
Assimilation
Cultural Syncretism (exam ?)

64
Q

Cultural _____:
People congregate and derive meaning from the spaces they occupy in common and mark these spaces as places by “stamping” their culture into it.

A

Landscape

Geography F24 (7 decks)

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