Chapter 3 Weathering, Erosion, Deposition Flashcards

1
Q

______ process is the reduction and change of the land surface via what three things?

A

gradational
- weathering, erosion/deposition, mass movement

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2
Q

____ builds landforms
____ breaks them down

A

tectonic
gradation

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3
Q

what affects the rate at which exposes rocks will weather and erode?

A

location and elements
rock type and strength
exposure time

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4
Q

the processes that fragment rock materials is called

A

weathering

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5
Q

examples of weathering

A

sunlight, wind, rain, snow, ice, freezing and thawing, effects of life forms

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6
Q

two types of weathering

A

physical and chemical

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7
Q

what is the difference between physical (mechanical) weathering and chemical weathering

A

physical does not change the chemical makeup of the rock

chemical changes the minerals via water, gas (CO2 and O2) and organisms

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8
Q

The processes of physical weathering have their greatest effect at _____ elevations and ____ latitudes.

A

high

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9
Q

Frost Wedging
Salt Weathering
Biophysical
Abrasion
Exfoliation
(Thermal Expansion)

What are these examples of?

A

Physical weathering (no chemical makeup is affected)

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10
Q

Physical weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces, or clasts—collectively called _____

A

debris

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11
Q

what is frost wedging

A

water goes into the joints of rocks, freezes, and expands

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12
Q

where does frost wedging occur? what are examples?

A

high mountains and latitudes such as himalayas and andes

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13
Q

what is the most important physical weathering in places that drop below freezing?

A

frost wedging

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14
Q

why does salt weathering occur in arid climate and coastal areas?

A

arid climates = high evaporation rates
coastal areas = rock exposed to sea spray

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15
Q

physical weathering that occurs in arid climate and coastal areas

A

salt weathering

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16
Q

what is salt weathering?

A

salt crystals grow in pores of rocks, exerting pressure as they grow

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17
Q

how does growth occur in salt weathering?

A

the rock is continually wetted with salt water, then dried

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18
Q

Are rounded pits or cavities on the surface of a rock that form via salt weathering

A

tafoni

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19
Q

weathering caused by any living organism

A

biophysical weathering

20
Q

when plant roots that are seeking water grow into joints

A

root wedging

21
Q

rocks and sediment grind against each other, wearing down surfaces over time (wind, water, ice)

22
Q

Layers or sheets of rock break away from the surface as a result of decreasing pressure or shifts in temperature

A

exfoliation

23
Q

exfoliation is aka

A

peeling onion

24
Q

chemical weathering changes the _____ in rock through ____ rxn mainly involving _____

A

minerals, chemical, water

25
chemical weathering occurs mainly on the ____ of the rock
surface
26
where is chemical weathering dominant
warm/humid environments
27
what type of weathering is dominant above freezing temps? below freezing?
above - chemical below - physical (frost wedging)
28
what type of weathering? chemical or physical Hydrolysis Oxidation Carbonation
chemical
29
how does hydrolysis work?
elements in water replace elements in the original material and creates a new substance
30
what type of minerals are softer and more easily eroded? (new or old?)
new
31
how does oxidation work?
oxygen atoms combine with minerals in rocks and weakens them
32
rocks containing ____ ____ compounds rusts (_____) into softer, (color) rock
iron oxide, oxidizes, reddish-brown
33
how does carbonation work
carbonate rock like limestone is dissolved in a carbonic acid solution and carried away
34
carbonation created " " landscapes
karst
35
steps of the karst process
Precipitation absorbs small amounts of carbon dioxide from the air & flowing water from soils Forms a carbonic acid solution Solution dissolves the calcium carbonate in limestone Sediment transport moves the dissolved limestone away, leaving behind various landforms
36
what is mass movement
movement of rock, soil, snow, or ice downslope by gravity
37
the following are examples of what?
Landslides Avalanches (snow & rock) Flows (debris, mud, lahar) Rockfall
38
mass movement ranges in _____ the faster the more ___
duration dangerous
39
the gradual, imperceptible movement of soil or rock down a slope due to gravity
soil creep
40
the movement of weathered rock particles to be deposited elsewhere
erosion
41
what are examples of erosional agents
water, wind, ice, and waves
42
the movement of rock fragments (sediments) that have been weathered and eroded
sediment transport
43
what is the most important example of sediment transport?
stream flow (others include wind, glaciers, waves)
44
the laying down of sediment carried by wind, water, or ice
deposition
45
how was the grand canyon formed
Colorado plateau uplifted Colorado river cut canyon Erosion & Mass wasting of canyon walls Oxidation