Chapter 3 Weathering, Erosion, Deposition

Question 1

______ process is the reduction and change of the land surface via what three things?

Answer 1

gradational
- weathering, erosion/deposition, mass movement

Question 2

____ builds landforms
____ breaks them down

Answer 2

tectonic
gradation

Question 3

what affects the rate at which exposes rocks will weather and erode?

Answer 3

location and elements
rock type and strength
exposure time

Question 4

the processes that fragment rock materials is called

Answer 4

weathering

Question 5

examples of weathering

Answer 5

sunlight, wind, rain, snow, ice, freezing and thawing, effects of life forms

Question 6

two types of weathering

Answer 6

physical and chemical

Question 7

what is the difference between physical (mechanical) weathering and chemical weathering

Answer 7

physical does not change the chemical makeup of the rock

chemical changes the minerals via water, gas (CO2 and O2) and organisms

Question 8

The processes of physical weathering have their greatest effect at _____ elevations and ____ latitudes.

Answer 8

high

Question 9

Frost Wedging
Salt Weathering
Biophysical
Abrasion
Exfoliation
(Thermal Expansion)

What are these examples of?

Answer 9

Physical weathering (no chemical makeup is affected)

Question 10

Physical weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces, or clasts—collectively called _____

Answer 10

debris

Question 11

what is frost wedging

Answer 11

water goes into the joints of rocks, freezes, and expands

Question 12

where does frost wedging occur? what are examples?

Answer 12

high mountains and latitudes such as himalayas and andes

Question 13

what is the most important physical weathering in places that drop below freezing?

Answer 13

frost wedging

Question 14

why does salt weathering occur in arid climate and coastal areas?

Answer 14

arid climates = high evaporation rates
coastal areas = rock exposed to sea spray

Question 15

physical weathering that occurs in arid climate and coastal areas

Answer 15

salt weathering

Question 16

what is salt weathering?

Answer 16

salt crystals grow in pores of rocks, exerting pressure as they grow

Question 17

how does growth occur in salt weathering?

Answer 17

the rock is continually wetted with salt water, then dried

Question 18

Are rounded pits or cavities on the surface of a rock that form via salt weathering

Answer 18

tafoni

Question 19

weathering caused by any living organism

Answer 19

biophysical weathering

Question 20

when plant roots that are seeking water grow into joints

Answer 20

root wedging

Question 21

rocks and sediment grind against each other, wearing down surfaces over time (wind, water, ice)

Answer 21

abrasion

Question 22

Layers or sheets of rock break away from the surface as a result of decreasing pressure or shifts in temperature

Answer 22

exfoliation

Question 23

exfoliation is aka

Answer 23

peeling onion

Question 24

chemical weathering changes the _____ in rock through ____ rxn mainly involving _____

Answer 24

minerals, chemical, water

Question 25

chemical weathering occurs mainly on the ____ of the rock

Answer 25

surface

Question 26

where is chemical weathering dominant

Answer 26

warm/humid environments

Question 27

what type of weathering is dominant above freezing temps? below freezing?

Answer 27

above - chemical below - physical (frost wedging)

Question 28

what type of weathering? chemical or physical Hydrolysis Oxidation Carbonation

Answer 28

chemical

Question 29

how does hydrolysis work?

Answer 29

elements in water replace elements in the original material and creates a new substance

Question 30

what type of minerals are softer and more easily eroded? (new or old?)

Answer 30

new

Question 31

how does oxidation work?

Answer 31

oxygen atoms combine with minerals in rocks and weakens them

Question 32

rocks containing ____ ____ compounds rusts (_____) into softer, (color) rock

Answer 32

iron oxide, oxidizes, reddish-brown

Question 33

how does carbonation work

Answer 33

carbonate rock like limestone is dissolved in a carbonic acid solution and carried away

Question 34

carbonation created " " landscapes

Answer 34

karst

Question 35

steps of the karst process

Answer 35

Precipitation absorbs small amounts of carbon dioxide from the air & flowing water from soils Forms a carbonic acid solution Solution dissolves the calcium carbonate in limestone Sediment transport moves the dissolved limestone away, leaving behind various landforms

Question 36

what is mass movement

Answer 36

movement of rock, soil, snow, or ice downslope by gravity

Question 37

the following are examples of what?

Answer 37

Landslides Avalanches (snow & rock) Flows (debris, mud, lahar) Rockfall

Question 38

mass movement ranges in _____ the faster the more ___

Answer 38

duration dangerous

Question 39

the gradual, imperceptible movement of soil or rock down a slope due to gravity

Answer 39

soil creep

Question 40

the movement of weathered rock particles to be deposited elsewhere

Answer 40

erosion

Question 41

what are examples of erosional agents

Answer 41

water, wind, ice, and waves

Question 42

the movement of rock fragments (sediments) that have been weathered and eroded

Answer 42

sediment transport

Question 43

what is the most important example of sediment transport?

Answer 43

stream flow (others include wind, glaciers, waves)

Question 44

the laying down of sediment carried by wind, water, or ice

Answer 44

deposition

Question 45

how was the grand canyon formed

Answer 45

Colorado plateau uplifted Colorado river cut canyon Erosion & Mass wasting of canyon walls Oxidation