chapter 6

Question 1

photosynthesis

Answer 1

The process by which plants algae and some protists and prokaryotes convert light to chemical energy that is stored in sugars made from CO2 and H2O

Question 2

cellular respiration

Answer 2

The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy, releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

kilocalorie

Answer 3

A quantity of heat equal to 1000 cal. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a calorie.

Question 4

redox reaction

Answer 4

short for a reduction oxidation reaction, a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance, oxidation, and added to another, reduction.

Question 5

oxidation

Answer 5

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction

Question 6

reduction

Answer 6

The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation

Question 7

electron transport chain

Answer 7

hey Siri series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplast, and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes

Question 8

chemiosmosis

Answer 8

an energy coupling mechanism that uses the energy of hydrogen ion gradient across membranes to drive cellular work, such as the phosphorylation of ADP; powers, most ATP synthesis and cells

Question 9

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 9

The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to a ADP from an organic molecule

Question 10

intermediate

Answer 10

One of the compounds that formed between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate and glycolysis

Question 11

Acetyl CoA

Answer 11

The entry compound for the citric acid cycle and cellular respiration; formed from a two carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Question 12

ATP synthase

Answer 12

A cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP

Question 13

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 13

glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+

Question 14

alcohol fermentation

Answer 14

glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide