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Biology 121 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organic compounds

A

a chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually hydrogen

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2
Q

isomers

A

organic compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structure

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3
Q

hydrocarbons

A

an organic comping composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

functional groups

A

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

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5
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving, polar charged molecules

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6
Q

hydroxyl group

A

a chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

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7
Q

carbonyl group

A

a chemical group consisting of a cabin atom lined by a double bond to an oxygen atom

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8
Q

carboxyl group

A

a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl

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9
Q

phosphate grouo

A

a chemical group consisting of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

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10
Q

amino group

A

a chemical coup consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

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11
Q

menthyl group

A

a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms

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12
Q

macromolecules

A

a giant molecule (polysaccharide, protein, or nucleic acid) formed by the joining of smaller molecules usually by dehydration reaction

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13
Q

polymers

A

a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by a covalent bond

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14
Q

monomers

A

the subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer

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15
Q

dehydration reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

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16
Q

hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water

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17
Q

enzymes

A

A macromolecule usually a protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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18
Q

carbohydrates

A

member of the class of biological molecules, consisting of a single monomer sugars, two monomer sugars and polymers

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19
Q

monosaccharid

A

The simplest carbohydrate, a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O monosaccharides are the monomers of disaccharides and polysaccharides

20
Q

glucose

A

A six carbon monosaccharide that serves as a building block for many polysaccharides and whose oxidation in cellular respiration is a major source of ATP for cells

21
Q

disaccharide

A

A sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by dehydration reaction

22
Q

polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration reactions

23
Q

starch

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants, a polymer of glucose

24
Q

glycogen

A

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle cells, the animal equivalent of starch

25
Q

cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, composed of glucose monomers cellulose molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds into cable like fibrils

26
Q

chitin

A

A structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls, and in the exoskeletons of arthropods

27
Q

lipids

A

an organic compound, consisting of mainly carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic
lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids

28
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing pertaining to nonpolar molecules

29
Q

fats

A

A lipid composed of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule, a triglyceride most fats function as energy storage molecules

30
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail, and thus lacks the maximum number of hydrogen atoms unsaturated fats and fatty acids do not solidify at room temperature

31
Q

saturated fats

A

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton, saturated fats, and fatty acid solidify at room temp

32
Q

trans fats

A

an unsaturated fat link to health risks that is formed artificially during Hydro generation of vegetable oils

33
Q

phospholipids

A

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophilic head

34
Q

steroids

A

A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached

35
Q

cholesterol

A

A steroid that is an important component of animal, cell membranes, and that acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids, such as hormones

36
Q

anabolic steroids

A

A synthetic variant of testosterone

37
Q

protein

A

A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more poly peptides folded into specific three dimensional structures

38
Q

denaturation

A

A process in which a protein unravels losing its specific structure and function this can be due to pH or high temperature

39
Q

amino acids

A

an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group serves as the monomer of proteins

40
Q

peptide bonds

A

The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide formed by dehydration reaction

41
Q

polypeptide

A

A polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

42
Q

nucleic acids

A

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers serves as a blueprint for proteins includes DNA and RNA

43
Q

nucleotide

A

A building block of nucleic acids consisting of five carbon sugar, covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate group

44
Q

gene expression

A

The process whereby genetic info flows from genes to proteins the flow of genetic info from genotype to phenotype

45
Q

DNA

A
  1. the molecule of inheritance
  2. deoxyribonucleic acid
    3.deoxyribose sugar
46
Q

RNA

A
  1. has a role in assembling polypeptides according to instructions of dna
  2. ribonucleic acid
  3. ribose sugar

Biology 121 (8 decks)

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