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Biology 121 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A

The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

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2
Q

Cell Wall

A

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria fungi, and some protists, protects the cell and helps maintain it shape

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3
Q

Cellular metabolism

A

all the chemical activities of a cell

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4
Q

Central Vacuole

A

in a plant cell, a large membrane is sack with diverse roles in growth and the storage of chemicals and waste

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5
Q

Centrosome

A

A structure found an animal cells from which microtubules or originate, and that is important during cell division

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6
Q

Chloroplasts

A

an organelle found in plants and algae that absorbs sunlight, and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes often used to refer to the diffuse, very exstended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

A gene carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis. Also the main gene carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. A chromosome consist of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

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9
Q

Cilium/cilia

A

A type of produce that moves and feeds by means of Celia ciliates belong to the alveolate clade of the SAR super group

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane, and the nucleus consist of a semi fluid, medium, and organelles, can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell includes microfilaments, intermediate, filaments, and microtubules

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12
Q

Cytosol

A

The semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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13
Q

Electron Microscope

A

A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam through or onto the surface of a specimen achieve, a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope

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14
Q

Endomembrane system

A

in network of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer a membraneous vesicles

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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

an extensive membrane network in a eukaryotic cell continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome, studied and ribosome free regions

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16
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplast originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell, the engulf cell and its whole cell, then evolved into a single organism

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17
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell that has a membrane includes nucleus and membrane, enclosed organelles all organisms, except for bacteria and archea are composed of eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

The meshwork surrounding animal cells consists of glycol proteins and polysaccharide, synthesize and secreted by cells

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19
Q

Flagellum/ flagella

A

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion the flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function like cilia eukaryotic flagella have 9+2 arrangement of microtubules covered by the cells plasma membrane 

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20
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A protein with one or more short chains of sugars attached to it

21
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

an organelle in a eukaryotic cell consisting of stacks of membranes that modify store and ship products of the ER

22
Q

Granum/grana

A

A stack of membrane bounded thylakoids in a chloroplast. Granna are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

23
Q

Integrin

A

A trans membrane protein, that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton in animal cell

24
Q

Intermediate filament

A

an intermediate size protein, fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments are rope, like made of fibrous proteins.

25
Q

Light Microscope

A

an optical instrument with lenses that refract/bend visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewers eye or onto photographic film

26
Q

Lysoosome

A

A digestive organelle and a eukaryotic cell contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damage organelles

27
Q

Microfilament

A

The thinnest of the three main kinds of proteins fiber, making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell, a solid helical rod composed of the globular protein actin

28
Q

Microtubule

A

The thickest of the three main kinds of fiber is making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell. A hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulin found in Celia and flagella

29
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

The compartment of the mitochondria, enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle

30
Q

Mitochondrion/ mitochondria

A

an organelle in a eukaryotic cell where cellular respiration occurs, enclosed by two membranes. It is where most of the cells ATP is made.

31
Q

Motor protein

A

A protein that interacts with the cytoskeleton and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the

32
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm

33
Q

Nucleoid

A

A non-membrane bounded region in a prokaryotic cell were DNA is concentrated

34
Q

Nucleolus

A

A structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made an assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits

35
Q

Nucleus/ nuclei

A

an atom central core containing protons and neutrons the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in form of chromosomes made of chromatin

36
Q

Organelle

A

A membrane enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell

37
Q

Peroxisome

A

an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrate’s to oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

38
Q

Plasmodesma

A

an open channel in a plant cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

39
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A type of cell lacking, a membrane, enclosed nucleus, and other membrane enclosed organelles found only in the domains bacteria and Archaea

40
Q

Ribosome

A

A cell structure, consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm and eukaryotic cells. The ribosome subunits are constructed in the nucleus

41
Q

Rough ER

A

The portion of the ER with ribosomes attached that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins

42
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface details of a cell or other specimens

43
Q

Smooth ER

A

The portion of the ER that lacks ribosomes

44
Q

Stroma

A

The dense fluid within the chloroplast that surround the thylakoid membrane sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle

45
Q

Thylakoid

A

A flat membranes inside of a chloroplast thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll, and the molecular complex complexes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum

46
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly section specimens

47
Q

Transport vesicle

A

A small membrane is sack in a eukaryotic cells, cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell the vesicle buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi and eventually fuses with another organelle or the plasma membrane, releasing its contents

48
Q

Vacuole

A

A membrane enclose sac that is a part of the Endo membrane system of a eukaryotic cell and has diverse functions in different kinds of cells

49
Q

Vesicle

A

A sack made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

Biology 121 (8 decks)

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