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Biology 121 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

element

A

a substance that cannot be broke down to other substances

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3
Q

compound

A

a substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ration

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4
Q

trace element

A

an element that is essential for life but required in extremely minute amounts

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5
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

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6
Q

proton

A

positive charge, found in nucleus

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7
Q

neutron

A

neutral charge, found in nucleus

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8
Q

electron

A

negative charge, orbit the nucleus

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9
Q

nucleus

A

an atoms central core, contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes

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10
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in each atom of a particular element

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11
Q

mass number

A

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atoms nucleus

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12
Q

atomic mass

A

total mass of atom, atomic weight, whole number, the atomic mass approximately equals the mass number

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13
Q

isotopes

A

atomic form of an element each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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14
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

an isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy

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15
Q

electron shells

A

a level of electrons at a characteristic average distance form the nucleus

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16
Q

ionic bond

A

a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

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17
Q

covalent bonds

A

a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

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18
Q

chemical bonds

A

an attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges in the atoms. the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells

19
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

20
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

21
Q

non polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity

22
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

differ in electronegativity. the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and another slightly positive (water)

23
Q

salt

A

a compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond

24
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bind in another molecule

25
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule containing polar covalent bonds and having an unequal distribution of charged in different regions of the molecule

26
Q

chemical reaction

A

the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter

27
Q

reactant

A

a starting material in a chemical reaction

28
Q

product

A

an ending material in a chemical reaction

29
Q

cohesion

A

the sticking together of molecules of the same kind of often by Hydrogen bonds

30
Q

adhesion

A

the attraction between different kinds of molecules

31
Q

surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to starch or break the surface of a liquid

32
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules, energy in its most random form

33
Q

temperature

A

a measure in degrees of the average thermal energy of atoms and molecules in the body of matter

34
Q

heat

A

thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

35
Q

evaporative cooling

A

the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest energy changing from the liquid to gaseous state

36
Q

solution

A

a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

37
Q

solvent

A

the dissolving agent in a solution

38
Q

solute

A

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

39
Q

aqueous solution

A

a solution in which water is the solvent

40
Q

acid

A

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

41
Q

base

A

a substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

42
Q

pH scale

A

a measure of the acidity or a solution, ranging from most acidic to most basic

43
Q

buffer

A

a chemical substance that minimizes changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions from or donating them to solutions

44
Q

ocean acidification

A

processed by which the pH of the ocean is lowered (made more acidic) when excess atmospheric CO2 dissolved in seawater

Biology 121 (8 decks)

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