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Counselling > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the three-stage model of helping?

A
  1. Exploration
    ->establishing rapport and trust
    ->developing relationship
    ->explore clients thoughts, feelings, experiences, behaviors
  2. Insight
    ->exploring things above helps them gain insight into themselves
  3. Action
    ->helping clients develop skills they can use in their daily lives
    ->processing what is and isn’t working
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2
Q

What is another three stage model?

A

Stage 1: Opening-up
->how you start time together
-> focus on relationship
Stage 2: Encounter & Resolution
->working/what you accomplish
Stage 3: Closure
->help them get more grounded/contain things so they can safely walk out that door
->diffuse emotions of session, re-go over what you accomplished today

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3
Q

What is accurate empathy?

A

->Ability to accurately infer the specific content of another person’s thoughts & feelings
->Being able to see a client’s world or experience from the client’s point of view
->Being able to communicate this understanding back to the
client

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4
Q

What are some empathetic highlights?

A
  1. Perceptiveness
    ->responding skills are only important if they’re accurate
  2. Know-how
    ->know how to respond in a way that’s non-judging
  3. Assertiveness
    ->how to actually say that to a client
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5
Q

What is the basic formula of how to respond?

A

->You feel…(name the correct emotion
expressed by the client)

->because…(identify the correct thoughts, experiences, behaviors that give rise to the feelings)

EX.Client: “I could kill him! He failed to take the kids again last
weekend. This is three times out of the last six weeks.”
Counsellor: “You feel furious because he keeps failing to hold up
his part of the bargain.”

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6
Q

What are some ways to tell if your empathetic highlight is accurate or inaccurate?

A

->Accurate
* Verbal or nonverbal confirmation of accuracy by client
* Further clarification &
elaboration by client
* Movement to next round in dialogue

->Inaccurate
* Verbal or nonverbal indication of
inaccuracy by client
* Restatement, modification, or
correction by counsellor
* Confirmation of accuracy by client, further
clarification/elaboration

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7
Q

What are the different types of probes?

A
  1. Prompts
    ->briefly encourage clients to talk further
    -> ‘mhmm’ ‘i see’ ‘oh yeah’
  2. Statements
    ->indicate the need for clarification
    -> ‘i’m not sure I understand you completely/ not sure I am getting it right’
  3. Requests
    ->directly ask for more information or clarification
    -> ‘tell me more about that’
  4. Questions
    ->open-ended are preferable
    -> ‘tell me more about that’ ‘how did that make you feel?’
  5. Single-word phrases
    ->briefly restate key thoughts clients’
    express
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8
Q

What is the art of probing?

A

->Probes can help clients name, take notice of, explore, clarify, or further
define any issue at any stage of the helping process (microskills)
->They are designed to provide clarity and move things forward

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9
Q

Counsellors have to listen for…

A

…the message behind the message
->Listen for hints, partial statements, confusion, covert messages, resources the client has forgotten they have,
themes
* Help make the implied explicit
* Help clients identify themes
* Help clients make connections
* Share educated hunches

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10
Q

Describe summaries

A

Can be useful:
->At the beginning of a session or
interaction
->During a session that is going nowhere
->When the client needs a new
perspective

->Often it is better to have the client
provide the summary

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11
Q

Describe how silence can be used therapeutically

A

->Involves a focused nonverbal response
->Attentive posture and caring attitude
->May allow clients time to think or choose their words
->client may be in deep emotional state and may need silence to reflect/process

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12
Q

What is relationship focused immediacy?

A

->Ability to discuss the overall client-helper (‘how are you and I doing’) relationship with the client
->How the relationship has developed
->How it is helping or hindering progress (reliant on you?)

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12
Q

What is event focused immediacy?

A

->Ability to discuss with the client what is happening in the relationship
at any given moment
->Specific interactions or incidents
->What is going on between you and me right now?
-> ‘I’d like to pause for a moment and discuss this’
->client looking away and arms crossed after you say something

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13
Q

When should you use immediacy?

A

->A session is directionless & it seems no progress is being made
->There is tension between the counsellor & client
->Trust seems to be an issue
->Differing interpersonal styles or social distance between counsellor &
client
->Dependency seems to be interfering with the counselling process

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14
Q

Describe humor

A

->Requires sensitivity and timing
->Clinical tool that has many therapeutic applications:
—>Build rapport
—>Reduce tension or resistance
—>Distance clients from overwhelming pain
—>Contributes to creative thinking & Self-efficacy
—>Keep things in perspective

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15
Q

Describe confrontation

A

-> Avoid giving ultimatums
-> Outline the consequences of not changing behaviors or failing to seize opportunities
-> Use sparingly
-> Be empathetic and respectful
-> Be assertive, not aggressive

16
Q

Describe challenging

A

->Help clients do some reality testing and invest what they learn into daily
practice & the future
->Translating new perspectives into new ways of acting
->Challenging is a way of moving the client into action
->Helping clients challenge themselves

17
Q

What are the targets of challenging?

A

->Self-defeating mind-sets, expressions of emotions, internal
behaviours
->Dysfunctional external behaviour
->Distorted understanding of the world
->Discrepancies in thinking & acting
->Unused strengths & resources
->Lack of participation in the helping process

18
Q

Describe encouragement

A

Clients can be encouraged to:
-> Identify and talk about their problems or unused opportunities
-> Review possibilities for a better future
-> To set goals
-> To engage in actions that will help them achieve their goals
-> Overcome inevitable obstacles

19
Q

What is reframing?

A

-> A technique that provides the client with another probable and positive perspective on a situation
-> Encourages a different way of responding
-> Increases awareness of situational factors associated with behavior

EX ‘I’m such a bad communicator’ into ‘I’m a bad communicator when I feel attacked’

20
Q

What is transference?

A

->Client’s projection of past or present feelings, attitudes, or desires onto the counsellor
->due to unresolved/unfinished business
->helps us understand clients better by giving insight into their past

21
Q

What’s countertransference?

A

-> The counsellor’s projected emotional reaction or behavior
toward the client

EX. client comes in swearing and mad and your 7 again with your dad

-> Can be harmful if we don’t have awareness of it and we need to reflect/do our own work

22
Q

Describe counsellor self disclosure

A

Two principle functions:
1. Modelling
->Clients may be more open by observing counsellors who are more
open
->builds rapport
2. Developing a new perspective
->Clients may recognize counsellors are not free of problems or struggles

23
Q

What are the negatives of self-disclosure?

A

-> May decrease trust or safety
-> Damage the alliance
-> Make clients feel responsible for managing the relationship or take on
caretaker role
-> Inhibit clients own disclosure

24
Q

What are some tips for self disclosure?

A

->Share appropriate disclosures
->Be careful of timing
->Be selective and focused
->Don’t disclose too frequently
->Do not burden the client
->Remain flexible (what works for 1 client may not work for another)

25
Q

Describe reluctance and resistance

A

Reluctance:
-> Hesitancy to engage in the work, inherent and natural in the helping process (avoidance)
-> scared to open up
-> internal

Resistance:
-> Push back from clients when they feel coerced
-> when they are feeling pressured / judged
->source is external

26
Q

What are some common sense factors of therapy?

A
  1. If it ain’t broke don’t fix it – if the person does not present it as a problem, do not spend time addressing the issue
  2. Once you know what works, do more of it
  3. If something is tried and doesn’t work, stop doing it and try something else
27
Q

What are some relational consideration when ending counselling?

A

->Associated with loss

Loss:
—>Any experience that restricts an individual

Grief:
—>Total reactions and responses to any loss
—>Saying goodbye can be too difficult or painful for some people

28
Q

What’s the function of termination?

A

->Signals something is finished or complete
->Termination is a means of maintaining changes already achieved
->Serves as a reminder that change, growth, and maturity have occurred
->think of it as a celebration
—>change in growth
—>clients worked hard
—>need + ending experience (as most ending -) to grow

29
Q

How do you know what time to end counselling?

A

->Can be difficult to determine when to terminate a counselling
relationship
->Too soon… clients may regress, lack capacity to cope
->Too long… can create dependency or restrict personal growth
->fine line between dependency and support
->not meant to be in counselling for whole life

30
Q

What are some considerations when considering ending counselling?

A

-> Has the client achieved emotional, cognitive, or
behavioural goals?
-> Can the client concretely demonstrate progress made?
-> Is the counselling relationship helpful?
-> Has the context of the initial counselling arrangement
changed?

31
Q

What are signals to end counselling?

A

-> Decrease in the intensity of the work
-> Consistent reports of improved abilities to cope
-> Commitment and hope for the future
-> More humor
-> Less denial, withdrawal, anger, mourning, or dependence

32
Q

Describe resistance when ending counselling and what some promotors of resistance are

A

-> May come from the counsellor or client

Factors:
->High level of intimacy, ->long-term relationships, ->pain of earlier
losses,
->loneliness,
->unresolved grief,
->need gratification,
->fear of rejection,
->fear of having to be self-reliant

33
Q

Describe closure

A

->Allow the client time to express their thoughts, feelings, needs, and desires
->Review the major events of the counselling experience, from beginning to present
->Acknowledge the changes the client has made
->Discuss follow-up contact

34
Q

Describe client follow up

A

-> Includes checking in with the client following termination
-> Positive monitoring process that encourages client growth
-> May reinforce client gains
-> Allows client and counsellor to re-evaluate the experience
-> Emphasizes the counsellor’s care and concern to the client
-> A step that some counsellors neglect

35
Q

What are some options for following up with clients?

A

-> Invite the client for a follow-up session
-> Telephone call
-> Send a personal letter
-> Mailed questionnaire
-> Email

36
Q

How do you know when to refer?

A

-> The client has a problem the counsellor does not know how to handle
-> Counsellor is inexperienced in a certain area; lacks the necessary skills to help the client
-> Counsellor knows of a nearby expert
-> Counsellor and client have incompatible personalities
-> Relationship is stuck in an initial phase of counselling
-> Don’t want to jump to referral as people get tired of telling their story/bouncing around

Counselling (6 decks)

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