Chapter 6 Flashcards
Lymphatic and Immune System
lymph/o
lymph, lymphatic tissue
anti-
against
carcin/o
cancerous
immun/o
immune, protection, safe
lymphaden/o
lymph node or gland
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
neo-
new, strange
ne/o
new, strange
-oma
tumor, neoplasm
onc/o
tumor
phag/o
eat, swallow
-plasm
formative material of cells
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
splen/o
spleen
-tic
pertaining to
tox/o
poison, poisonous
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
“the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection.”
allergen
a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual.
anaphylaxis
a severe, systemic response to an allergen.
antibiotics
medication capable of inhibiting the growth of or killing pathogenic bacteria.
antibody
a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen.
antifungal
an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi.
antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign.
antigen–antibody reaction
binding antigens to antibodies; this reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system.
autoimmune disorder
“any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens.”
bacilli
rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria.
bacteria
A group of one-celled microscopic organisms, some of which are pathogenic.
benign
something that is not life-threatening.
candidiasis
a yeast infection.
carcinoma
a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue.
carcinoma in situ
a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues.
complement system
a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form; when needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells.
COVID-19
a highly contagious viral infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus
cytokines
a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells; these cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response.
cytomegalovirus
a type of herpesvirus found in most body fluids.
cytotoxic drug
medication that kills or damages cells.
ductal carcinoma in situ
breast cancer at its earliest stage before the abnormal cells have broken through the wall of the milk duct.
hemolytic
destroying worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells) and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse.
herpes zoster
an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
“a cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells.”
human immunodeficiency virus
a bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many lifethreatening opportunistic infections.
immunoglobulins
antibodies that bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response.
immunosuppressant
a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response.
immunotherapy
a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune system.
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
breast cancer that starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct.
interferons
produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells; interferons activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.
lymphadenopathy
any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes.
lymphangioma
a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system.
lymphedema
swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues.
lymphocytes
also known as lymphoid cells; leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells; work together with the body’s organs to defend the body against antigens.
lymphoma
a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues.
lymphoscintigraphy
a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels.
macrophage
a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells; macrophages also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells.
malaria
a disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.
malignant
becoming progressively worse and life-threatening.
mammography
an x-ray examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells.
metastasis
describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site, and the term is also used to describe the tumor itself.
metastasize
to spread from one place to another, as in cancer.
myoma
a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue.
myosarcoma
a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue.
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
the term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
opportunistic infection
infection caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans.
osteosarcoma
a hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of long bones, pelvis, or knee.
parasite
a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism.
rabies
an acute viral infection transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal.
rickettsia
a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites.
rubella
a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash.
sarcoma
“a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard and, more commonly, soft tissues.”
spirochetes
long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement.
splenomegaly
an abnormal enlargement of the spleen.
staphylococci
a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes.
streptococci
bacteria that form a chain.
systemic reaction
also described as anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, is a severe response to an allergen; the symptoms of this response develop quickly, and without prompt medical aid, the patient can die within a few minutes.
teletherapy
precisely targeted radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body.
toxoplasmosis
a disease caused by a parasite most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated feces.
varicella
a highly contagious infection caused by the herpesvirus Varicella zoster; also known as chickenpox.
