Chapter 2 Flashcards
adip/o
fat
aden/o
gland
anter/o
caud/o
-cyte
cell
cyt/o
cell
end-
in, within, inside
cephal/o
head
endo-
in, within, inside
path/o
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
hist/o
tissue
-ologist
specialist
exo-
out of, outside, away from
-ology
the science or study of
-pathy
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
-stasis
control, maintenance of a constant level
-static
control, maintenance of a constant level
-plasia
development, growth, formation
poster/o
behind, toward the back
abdominal cavity
contains the major organs of digestion.
adenoma
benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like stucture.
adenocarcinoma
a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body.
anaplasia
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other.
anterior
situated in the front.
anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal.
aplasia
the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue.
anatomy
the study of the structures of the body.
atresia
congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage.
autopsy
a postmortem examination
cephalic
toward the head.
caudal
toward the lower part of the body.
chromosome
a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell.
bloodborne transmission
the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids.
communicable disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.
cytoplasm
the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.
dysplasia
“the abnormal development or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue.”
congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth.
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure.
dorsal
the back of the organ or body.
endemic
the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.
endocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts.
epigastric region
located above the stomach.
epidemic
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area.
etiology
the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions.
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body.
functional disorder
a condition that produced physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified.
geriatrician
a physician who specializes in the care of older people.
genetic disorder
a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.
hemophilia
a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing.
histology
the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.
homeostasis
the proceses through which the body maintains a constant inernal environment.
hyperplasia
an increase in he number of cells in a tissue or organ.
hypogastric region
located below the stomach.
hypertrophy
a general increase In the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues.
hypoplasia
the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.
inguinal
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.
iatrogenic illness
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment.
infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
idiopathic disease
any disease without a known cause.
medial
the directon toward, or, nearer the midline.
mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.
midsagittal plane
also known as the midline, the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.
nosocomial infection
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.
pandemic
an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, sometimes even worldwide.
peritoneum
a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.
pelvic cavity
the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.
pathology
the study of disease.
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum.
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure.
physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body.
posterior
situated in the back or on the back part of an organ.
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum.
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.
syndrome
a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process.
thoracic cavity
also known as the chest cavity or thorax; surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.
umbilicus
commonly known as the belly button or navel, this pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth.
ventral
refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body.
vector-borne transmission
is the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors.
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions.
somatic cell
any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells). Contain 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs
Somatic
means pertaining to the body in general
gamete
(sperm or egg), also known as a sex cell, is the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes. Instead, each ovum (egg) or sperm has 23 single chromosomes. In a female, one of these will be an X chromosome. In a male, one of these will be either an X or a Y chromosome.
Epithelial tissue
forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. These tissues also form glands
Epithelium
pecialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
Endothelium
specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs.
