Chapter 6

Question 1

What is the hard calcified tissue of bone?

Answer 1

osseous tissue

Question 2

What are the 2 forms of osseous tissue?

Answer 2

Spongy Bone –> Found on the interior of the bone

Compact bone –> solidly filled with opaque matrix which encloses spongy bone.

Question 3

What are the cells of the bones?

Answer 3

• Osteogenic Cells –> Occurs on bone surface below periosteum. stem cells capable of making more cells
• Osteoblasts –> lie in a single layer on bone surface. Synthesize organic matter of bone. Has an abundance of Mitochondria and Rough ER
• Osteocytes –> former osteoblasts. trapped in deposited matrix, reside in lacunae.
• Osteoclasts –> Bone dissolving cells with multiple nuclei. lies on pits on bone surface.

Question 4

Most bones of limbs specialized for leverage and movement are called _________

Answer 4

Long bones

Question 5

The shaft of the long bone is called the

Answer 5

Diaphysis –> provides leverage

Question 6

The head of the long bone is called the

Answer 6

Epiphysis –> expands and strengthens joints

Question 7

What are features of flat bones?

Answer 7

• protective plates covering organs (e.g. sternum and heart, cranial bones and brain)
• May provide attachment surfaces for muscles

Question 8

Short bones are considered ____?

Answer 8

wrist bones

Question 9

Irregular bones would be ____?

Answer 9

Vertebrae

Question 10

What is periosteum?

Answer 10

Fibrous sheath covering the bone.. covers both sides of the flat bones

Question 11

What is Endosteum?

Answer 11

Covers the internal surface of bones

Question 12

What are the 2 kinds of ossification?

Answer 12

Intramembranous ossification –> Produces flat bones of the skull and clavicle. Plays a role in thickening, strengthening, and remodeling of bone

Endochondrial ossification –> Produces most other bones (e.g. vertebra, ribs and pelvic bones, limbs and parts of the skull) Mensenchyme is first transformed into hyaline cartilage. Cartilage broken down and replaced by osseous tissue

Question 13

What are 2 types of bone growth?

Answer 13

interstitial growth –> Chondrocytes multiply, enlarge, and secrete new matrix. occur in episyeal plate. Adds length until plate depleted.

Appositional Growth –> Only type in mature bone. New matrix deposited on tissue surface. Occurs by intramembraneous ossification

Question 14

What is Hypocalcemia?

Answer 14

Calcium deficiency; causes muscle tremors; causes inability of muscles to relax

Question 15

What is Hypercalcemia?

Answer 15

Depresses cardiac, muscular, and cardiac function

Question 16

What are the 3 Joint classifications?

Answer 16

1) Fibrous Joints (Synarthrosis) –> 3 kinds SUTURE (fibrous joint between bones of skull e.g. coronal) SYDESMOSIS (allow for pronation and supination in forearm) and GOMPHOSIS (binds teeth to jaw bones)
2) Cartilaginous Joints (Ampiarthrosis) –> SYNCHONDROSIS (attachment of rib 1 to sternum), SYMPHYSIS (Pubic Symphysis)
3) Synovial Joints (Diarthrosis) –> Shoulder, elbow, hip and knee; most likely to develop dysfuncations

Question 17

What are the accessory parts of synovial joints?

Answer 17

• Tendon –> Attaches muscle to bone
• Ligament –> Attaches one bone to another
• Bursa –> Filled with synovial fluid; cushions muscles and helps tendons slide

Question 18

Describe Ball and Socket joints?

Answer 18

• At shoulder and hips

- ONLY MULTIAXIAL Joints of skeleton

Question 18

Describe Ball and Socket joints?

Answer 18

• At shoulder and hips

- ONLY MULTIAXIAL Joints of skeleton

Question 19

Describe Condylar Joints?

Answer 19

• Biaxial

- between phalanges and metacarpals

Question 19

Describe Condylar Joints?

Answer 19

• Biaxial

- between phalanges and metacarpals

Question 20

Describe Saddle Joints

Answer 20

• Concave in one direction, convex in the other
• Biaxial
• between trapezium and metacarpal at thumb
• between clavicle and sternum

Question 20

Describe Saddle Joints

Answer 20

• Concave in one direction, convex in the other
• Biaxial
• between trapezium and metacarpal at thumb
• between clavicle and sternum

Question 21

Describe Plane (gliding) joints

Answer 21

• Usually biaxial
• movements complex
• e.g. between wrist and ankle bones

Question 21

Describe Plane (gliding) joints

Answer 21

• Usually biaxial
• movements complex
• e.g. between wrist and ankle bones

Question 22

Describe Hinge Joints

Answer 22

• One bone with convex surface

- Monoaxial (e.g. elbow, knee and interphalangeal joints)

Question 22

Describe Hinge Joints

Answer 22

• One bone with convex surface

- Monoaxial (e.g. elbow, knee and interphalangeal joints)

Question 23

Describe pivot joints

Answer 23

• Bones spin on longitudinal axis
• e.g. joints between the radius and ulna
• e.g. joints between 1st 2 vertebrae (atlas pivots when you shake head “no”
  )

Question 23

Describe pivot joints

Answer 23

• Bones spin on longitudinal axis
• e.g. joints between the radius and ulna
• e.g. joints between 1st 2 vertebrae (atlas pivots when you shake head “no”
  )