Chapter 4

Question 1

Cells are organized into what 4 cateories of tissue?

Answer 1

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and nervous

Question 2

What is Histology?

Answer 2

Study of tissues and their arrangement in organs

Question 3

What are Tissues comprised of?

Answer 3

Cells and Matrix

Question 4

What is tissue matrix made up of?

Answer 4

Fibrous Proteins and Ground Substance (or ECF)

Question 5

What is epithelial Tissue?

Answer 5

• Composed of layers of closely spaced cells
• Covers organ surface
• protects, secretes and absorbs
• Found in epidermis, lining of digestive tract, liver and glands

Question 6

Describe Connective tissue

Answer 6

• Has more matrix than cell volume
• Specialized in support, bind and protect organs
• Found in tendons and ligaments, cartilage and bones, and fat and blood

Question 7

Describe nervous tissue

Answer 7

Contains excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of info

• found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Question 8

Describe muscular tissue

Answer 8

• Composed of elongated excitable cells specialized for contraction and movement.
• Found in skeletal muscles, heart and walls of uterus, bladder, intestines, and other internal organs

Question 9

The basement membrane of epithelium contains mostly ________?

Answer 9

Proteins

Question 10

Which tissue type is most abundant and variable of the 4 tissue types?

Answer 10

Connective

Question 11

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 11

1) Binding organs
2) Support
3) Physical protection
4) immune protection
5) Movement
6) Storage
7) Heat production
8) Transport

Question 12

What are the cells of fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 12

• Fibroblasts –> produce fibers and ground substance of matrix
• Macrophages
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Question 13

What are the properties of blood?

Answer 13

1) Liquid connective tissue
2) Travels through tubular vessels
3) Transports cells and dissolved materials

Question 14

What are the type of exocrine glands?

Answer 14

• Serous glands –> perspiration, milk and tears
• Mucous glands –> in respiratory and digestive tracts
• Mixed glands –> Salivary glands
• Apocrine glands –> Secretion of milk fat in mammary gland
• Merocrine Glands –> Tear glands and pancreas
• Holocrine glands –> oil-producing sebaceous glands of skin

Question 15

What does the mucous membrane line?

Answer 15

Tracts of body open to exterior environment

• consists of epithelium, overlying areolar tissue, and thin layer of smooth muscle (sometimes)

Question 16

What do serous membranes line?

Answer 16

Thoracic and abdominal cavities and covers external surfaces of organs.

• e.g. stomach and lungs
• pleura of lung, pericardium of heart and peritoneum of abdominal cavity

Question 17

What are 2 types of tissue growth?

Answer 17

1) Hyperplasia –> Tissue growth through cell multiplication. Most embryonic and childhood growth
2) Hypertrophy –> Enlargement of preexisting cells, In skeletal muscles and adipose tissue

Question 18

What is an example of Abnormal tissue growth?

Answer 18

Neoplasia –> development of a tumor of abnormal tissue. may be malign or malignant

Question 19

What are 2 types of tissue repair?

Answer 19

1) Regeneration –> replacement of dead or damaged cells. replaced with same type of cell as before. Restores normal function to organ. (e.g. most skin injuries and liver)
2) Fibrosis –> Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue. Does not restore normal function (e.g. scaring of cardiac muscle from heart attack

Question 20

What is Atrophy?

Answer 20

Shrinkage of tissue

• can result from lack of use of an organ or aging

Question 21

What is Necrosis?

Answer 21

Pathological death of tissue

Question 22

What are the different forms of necrosis?

Answer 22

• Infarction –> Sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off
• Gangrene –> From insufficient blood supply and often infection. Bed sore is a form of gangrene

Question 23

What is Aptosis?

Answer 23

programmed cell death; the normal death of cells