Chapter 6 Flashcards
What are the 3 types of collapse?
- 90-degree collapse
- Inward-outward collapse
- Curtain collapse
- 90-degree collapse assumes the wall will fall outward its entire height, encompassing a 90-degree angle
- Inward-outward collapse, the top of the wall falls into the building and the lower part of the wall outward and away from the building
- Curtain collapse resembles a curtain falling straight down as if it dropped from the curtain rod
One rule states that a solid wall can fall 100% of its height, but if the wall contains windows or doorways, it will fall ____ of its height
1/3
A safety zone should cover an area at least ____ to the height of the wall in question
Equal
What are collapse indicators involving fire conditions?
- Two or more floors fully involved
- Continued or heavy fire
- High heat and heavy smoke conditions coupled with inadequate ventilation
Continued or heavy fire for ______ is a reference point to indicate collapse potential
15-20 minutes
The signs of backdraft situation consist of
Smoke being forced from the fire building around windows and doors under pressure
Typical exterior wall collapse indicators
- Smoke showing through walls
- Old wall cracks enlarging
- New wall cracks
- Fire showing through wall cracks
- Bulging walls
- Leaning walls
- Failure of part of a wall
- Visible spalling of a brick wall
- Spalling concrete and exposure of steel
- Wall breaking down under hose stream
- The presence of wall spreaders
_____ noises could indicate that parts of the building are failing
Cracking noise
The type of collapse that causes the most firefighter injuries is ?
The localized interior collapse
Buildings under construction and under demolition often have welding operations or what is referred to as
Hot work
Firefighting operations can drastically increase the _____ load on the fire building
Live load
A 1 3/4 inch hose line can deliver approximately ______ gallons of water per minute
175 gallons
Large roof air conditioning units, water tanks, billboards, and signs can place a heavy ____ load on a building
Dead
_____ are weights applied to a building that can take forms
Loads
The different loads are
- Live loads
- Dead loads
- Eccentric load
- Impact load
- Undesigned load
The weight of the material in a building that is not permanent. Load can constantly change
Live load
Ex: desks, furniture, kitchen utensils, merchandise
(Can be weather related like snow or water)
The total weight of the building components. The weight is substantial. It includes every part of the building that is permanent
Dead load
Ex: structural members, air-handling systems, plaster or wall board, paint and wallpaper, electrical components
More load than the building originally designed to carry
Loads that essentially create a pulling action on a wall in a downward thrust
Essectric load
Ex: wall signs, large ornate cornices, corbelled brick, marquees
_____ load is a weight forced upon a building
Impact load
Ex: jumping in a roof
Loads on a building that a building was not originally designed to carry
Undesigned loads
Commonly come in the form of alterations or renovations to a structure
Possibly no other fire department operations needs more coordination than _____
Collapse search rescue
Occurs when firefighters are called to find and extricate those trapped. Requires skill and the implementation of a plan
Collapse search
Control of _____ will be an immediate concern in a collapse search
Utilities supplying the collapsed structure
Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) or natural gas escaping from broken pipes and accumulating in pockets within the building can cause
Asphyxiation, as well as an explosion
_____ victims are the first to be rescued
Surface
When one or more floors collapse on top of each other
Pancake collapse
Floor collapse that occurs near the middle of the floor and creates voids on the perimeters
V-type collapse
Floor collapse supported or hinged on one side, with the opposite side resting or supported and hanging freely
Lean to collapse
When a bearing wall has failed and the floor has sagged due to the missing wall, yet still remains somewhat intact
Unsupported floor collapse
At a collapse incident, ____ from all sources must be eliminated because they can trigger further collapse
Vibration
Highway traffic or nearby worksites may have to be stopped until after rescues have been accomplished. This will resolve 2 problems: vibration and noise
As a members enter a collapsed structure, they should shore…
As they move along
The ____ of the operating personnel at an incident scene is the prime responsibility of the IC
Safety
______ and _____ is a major cause of injury that occurs to firefighters and it is the leading cause of firefighter deaths
Stress and heart attack
______ was discovered in 1988 and has been in the spotlight in the fire service due to the high number of firefighters and paramedics who have contracted it
Hepatitis C
The spread of hepatitis A is primarily transmitted by?
Hepatitis B & C are spread through
Fecal-oral route, by either person to person contact or consumption of contaminated food or water
Contact of blood from infected person
The latency period from exposure to a carcinogen until development of cancer can span from
A few years to more than 50 years
Benzene may cause
Leukemia in as little as 6 years. It is one of the most widely used chemical in the United States, and firefighters most likely inhale or absorb a small amount through skin at each fire
Carbon tetrachloride
Previously used in fire extinguishers. Known carcinogen.
Known carcinogen that causes cancer of the face, lung, neck, penis, scrotum, and skin. Found in piers to protect lumber from rotting when in contact with water
Creosote
A carcinogen used for years in many facets of building construction. It was contained in insulation, acoustical tile, joint compounds, wallboard, floor tile, and more
Asbesto
- In a solid state, asbestos presents little hazard, but as dust it can be inhaled or ingested
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is _____ times more toxic than CO and is generated by the burning of ordinary materials contained in insulation, carpets, clothing, synthetics, and man made plastics, which release cyanide if they catch fire.
35 times more
Hydrogen cyanide can enter the body by absorption, inhalation, or ingestion and targets
The heart and brain
A role of the incident scene SO is to observe operations and act as a
Risk manager
____ are things that can cause harm to people or equipment
Hazard
___ are potentially unsafe actions taken by personnel when responding to hazards at an incident. A hazard does not put a person at risk; it is the actions taken that can put a person at risk
Risk
The international association of fire chiefs (IAFC) maintains the fire near miss website, which defines a near miss as “_______”
An unintentional, unsafe occurrence that could have resulted in an injury, fatality, or property damage if not for a fortunate break in the chain of events
____ is the constant surveillance of an incident by visual observation, listening to communications, and through instrumentation to detect or identify problems or dangerous situations
Monitoring
______ can occur when you become so engrossed in a particular phase of an operation that you fail to see the big picture
Tunnel vision
To accomplish accountability, there is a need to know
- Number of personnel operating at the scene
- Their approximate location
- Task or function they are performing
What are the accountability systems
- Riding list
- Tag system
- Global position tracking
_____ ensures control of an incident
Accountability
NFPA 1500
NFPA 1561
Standard on fire department occupational safety and health program
Standard on emergency services incident management system and command safety
During a high rise fire RIT is located
One floor below the fire
The term ____ is the internationally recognized distress call that is used by ships and aircraft
Mayday
Mayday is used in life threatening emergency like
Being trapped
Disoriented
Low on breathable air
Endangered by threats of physical harm from civilian
When pressing the EAB, the radio frequency is captured for
A period of time usually 10-20 seconds allowing open mic
What favors the formation of cyanide gas?
High temperature and low oxygen levels
Hydrogen cyanide antidote is
Hydroxocobalamin
Who founded the local assistance state team (LAST) and what are they for
NFFF
This is a line of duty death state response team that operates in every state. Their primary mission is to bring expertise to the surviving family in filing for department of justice public safety officer benefit
They also provide honor guard and ceremonial support and chaplain services
Only respond when requested and will be on the ground within 6 hours
