Chapter 6 Flashcards
Why do microbes need energy?
(carbon and energy sources diagram too)
Growth and maintaining life.
What are the two types of energy currencies in biology?
ATP and Reducing Power: NAD(P)H.
Feeder pathways:
Assimilate carbon in the
central pathways. Any (minor) metabolic pathway that supplies metabolites to another (major) metabolic pathway
Heterotrophic Fueling:
Energy and carbon sources often are the same, so they have the same pathway.
Autotrophic Fueling:
Energy and carbon sources are different, so they have different pathways.
What are the central pathways for heterotrophic and autotrophic fueling?
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Pentose phosphate cycle
ATP synthesis Mechanisms (2 mechanisms with more info about them).
Substrate Level Phosphorylation (fermentation, glycolysis, TCA)
Transmembrane Ion Gradients (Respiration: Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photosynthesis: Photophosphorylation)
What are the 2 methods of phosphorylation ATP uses to generate ADP?
Substrate Level Phosphorylation and Transmembrane Ion Gradients.
Four types of macromolecules
Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides.
Four building blocks
Amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, sugars.
Chemoheterotrophs
Integrate carbon and energy metabolism. Organic molecules serve as both the carbon and energy source.
Microbes that use organic chemical substances as sources of energy and organic compounds as the main source of carbon
Chemoautotrophs
Fix carbon dioxide and make precursor metabolites – Uses a lot of energy or Reducing power. Aerobic or anaerobic.
Synthesize their own organic molecules from the fixation of carbon dioxide.
Photoautotrophs
Use CO2 as carbon source.
Oxygenic: Cyanobacteria, algae, green plants
Anoxygenic: Green bacteria (sulfur), Purple bacteria (sulfur)
Photoheterotrophs
Use organic compounds as carbon source.
Green nonsulfur bacteria and purple nonsulfur bacteria.
What are the two pathways within auxiliary pathways?
Entner-Duodoroff pathway and Fermentation pathway.
Fermentation
- what does it produce and what does it use to produce it?
- anaerobic or aerobic?
- where does it occur?
- what does it achieve?
Some microbes use only this for fueling.
Substrate level phosphorylation to produce ATP. Produces Reducing Power.
No oxygen required (anaerobic).
Takes place in cytoplasm.
Achieves “Redox Balance”
Auxiliary fueling pathways
What problem does fermentation leave?
How to recycle extra NADH back to NAD+.
What are the steps of aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
What are the terminal electron acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic?
Aerobic: oxygen
Anaerobic: inorganic or organic
What are possible electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration?
Which type of microbe can undergo fermentation?
Chemoheterotrophs, organic molecules serve as both carbon and energy sources.
Oxygenic (photosynthesis) :
Water for electrons, O2 formed.
Anoxygenic (photosynthesis):
Water not used, no O2 formed.
Photoautotrophs use ____
CO2 as carbon source
oxygenic: cyanobacteria, algae, green plants
anoygenic: green bacteria and purple bacteria (sulfur)
