Chapter 6

Question 1

What is the heaviest bone in the body?

Answer 1

The femur is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body.

Question 2

What are the long bones in the human hand called?

Answer 2

Metacarpals

Question 3

What is the vertebral column?

Answer 3

It is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis.

Question 4

It is unpaired that is often listed as part of the facial bones because it has a common developmental origin also define as the only bone in the body not directly attached to another bone.

Answer 4

Hyoid bone

Question 5

What are the advantages of an S-shaped vertebral column?

Answer 5

The advantages of an S-shaped vertebral column include allowing it to absorb shocks and distribute the weight of the body.

Question 6

Identify the two divisions of the skeleton or bones.

Answer 6

Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton

Question 7

It is formed by the fusion of five vertebrae.

Answer 7

Sacrum

Question 8

In what ways do intramembranous and endochondral ossification differ?

Answer 8

In intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.

Question 9

What are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system and their main functions? Describe these divisions in regard to the bones they consist of:

Answer 9

Axial - protection and support- skull, vertebrae, thoracic cage
Appendicular - locomotion, and manipulation of the environment - Arms, legs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

Question 10

Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as and these bones provide .

Answer 10

Short bones provide stability and support as well as limited motion

Question 11

Through what foramen does the brain connect to the spinal cord?

Answer 11

Foramen Magnum

Question 12

In the coloring figure of the long bone, the epiphyseal plate is shown. what is the reason for its presence?

Answer 12

it is an area of growth between the epiphysis and diaphysis during bone development

Question 13

It includes the vertebrae and facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories

Answer 13

Regular bones

Question 14

List the major functions of the nervous system.

Answer 14

Receiving sensory input
Integrating information
Controlling muscles and glands
Maintaining homeostasis
Establishing and maintaining mental activity

Question 15

Write a short description of the ethmoid.

Answer 15

It is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.

Question 16

Identify and describe the several types of abnormal spinal curvatures that can be identified by simple observation.

Answer 16

SCOLIOSIS - a sideways curvature of the spine.
KYPHOSIS - an exaggerated, forward rounding of the upper back.
LORDOSIS - the inward curve of the lumbar spine (just above the buttocks)

Question 17

Secreted by cells in the parathyroid gland and is essential for the maintenance of blood Ca²+ level within the homeostatic limit

Answer 17

PARATHYROID HORMONE

Question 18

Explain the five functions of the skeletal system.

Answer 18

Support - The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic wall.
Movement—the skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts.
Protection—bones, such as the skull, thorax, and pelvis, protect the enclosed soft body organs.
Storage—fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bones also serve as a storehouse for minerals like calcium
Hematopoiesis—blood cell formation occurs within the red marrow of certain bones.

Question 19

What is the main difference between compact and spongy bone?

Answer 19

Compact bones are the hard exterior, while spongy bones are the porous interior structures of bone tissue.

Question 20

List the names of paired bones of the cranium and face.

Answer 20

Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla Bone
Palatine Bone
Nasal Bone
Lacrimal Bone
Inferior Nasal Concha

Question 21

What are the functions of the bones?

Answer 21

Support the body
Protect soft organs
Skull and vertebrae protect the brain and spinal cord
The rib cage protects thoracic cavity organs
Attached skeletal muscles allow movement
Store minerals and fats
Calcium and phosphorus
Fat in the internal marrow cavity
Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Question 22

What are the classifications of Bones?

Answer 22

Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones

Question 23

Outline the steps in bone remodeling.

Answer 23

1. Hematoma formation
2. Callus formation
3. Callus ossification
4. Bone remodeling

Question 24

List the functions of the skeletal system.

Answer 24

support
protection
movement
storage
blood cell production

Question 25

Enumerate the proximal row of carpal bones.

Answer 25

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

Question 26

Name the bones forming auditory ossicles.

Answer 26

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Question 27

Bone remodeling converts woven bone into the lamellar bone and is involved in several functions, including:

Answer 27

Bone growth
changes in bone shape
adjustment of the bone to stress
bone repair
calcium ion regulation in the body

Question 28

List the six types of synovial joints.

Answer 28

Plane
saddle
hinge
pivot
ball-and-socket
ellipsoid.

Question 29

List the three types of cells that contribute to bone homeostasis.

Answer 29

Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

Question 30

What tissue(s) is present in a typical long bone?

Answer 30

blood tissue
cancellous bone
compact bone
dense fibrous
hyaline cartilage

Question 31

Enumerate the arches of the foot.

Answer 31

Medial Longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Lateral longitudinal arch

Question 32

List at least 5 types of movement. Answer.

Answer 32

Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Pronation and Supination
Eversion
Rotation
Inversion
Circumduction

Question 33

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 33

Fibrous joints consist of two bones that are united by fibrous tissue and that exhibit little or no movement.

Question 34

How many bones are there in the spine?

Answer 34

there are 33. The bones in the spine are called vertebrae beginning at the neck there are 7 vertebrae in the cervical spine 12 thoracic 5 or 6 lumbar 5 sacrum 3 the tailbone

Question 35

Why are bones considered organs?

Answer 35

Bones are considered to be organs because they consist of connective and nervous tissues.

Question 36

Why does your nose run when you cry?

Answer 36

Tears run over the surface of our eyes and enter the nasolacrimal duct, which empties into the nasal cavity. Therefore, when our eyes are producing more tears than normal, the increased liquid in our nasal cavity causes a “runny nose.”

Question 37

An individual with very low levels of vitamin D presents themselves to you complaining of seemingly fragile bones. Explain how these might be connected.

Answer 37

Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption by the gut. Low vitamin D levels may cause blood calcium levels to be insufficient, leading the bones to release calcium. The loss of calcium from the bones can weaken and make them more fragile.

Question 38

What are the structural and functional differences between a tarsal and a metatarsal?

Answer 38

Structurally, a tarsal is a short bone, meaning its length, width, and thickness are about equal, while a metatarsal is a long bone whose length is greater than its width. Functionally, the tarsal provides limited motion, while the metatarsal acts as a lever.

Question 39

Describe the effects of aging on bone matrix and joints.

Answer 39

The bone matrix becomes more brittle and decreases in total amount during aging. Joints lose articular cartilage and become less flexible with age. Prevention measures include exercise and calcium and vitamin D supplements.

Question 40

If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to degenerate, what symptoms do you think you would experience? Why?

Answer 40

If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to deteriorate, which is actually what happens in osteoarthritis, you would experience joint pain at the end of that bone and limitation of motion at that joint because there would be no cartilage to reduce friction between adjacent bones and there would be no cartilage to act as a shock absorber.

Question 41

True or False. The femur is the largest bone in the body.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

True or False. The endosteum includes osteoclasts and osteocytes.

Answer 42

False (osteoblasts and osteoclasts)