Chapter 10

Question 1

Determine the four classes of chemical messengers.

Answer 1

Autocrine Chemical Messengers
Paracrine Chemical Messengers
Neurotransmitters
Endocrine Chemical Messengers

Question 2

Differentiate between positive and negative feedback.

Answer 2

Positive feedback loops enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable.

Negative feedbacks tend to dampen or buffer changes; this tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable.

Question 3

Allows cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities

Answer 3

Chemical Messengers

Question 4

These are chemical substances that are excreted by endocrine cell into extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic activity of other cell in the body.

Answer 4

Hormones

Question 5

The hypothalamus makes two hormones ______ and _____ that are stored by the posterior pituitary.

Answer 5

Oxytocin; Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

Identify the two chemical categories of hormones.

Answer 6

lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones and thyroid hormones)
water-soluble hormones (proteins, peptides and amino acid derivatives.

Question 7

Hormones secreted b the adrenal cortex are known as:

Answer 7

Corticoids

Question 8

What are the three types of stimuli result in hormone secretion?

Answer 8

humoral, neural, and hormonal

Question 9

Describe the major age related changes that occur in the Endocrine System.

Answer 9

The endocrine system undergoes age-related changes that negatively affect its functioning. As a result of these changes, older people are more prone to disturbed sleep patterns, have a reduced metabolic rate, lose bone density, accumulate body fat, and show increases in blood glucose.

Question 10

A receptors that bind to DNA have fingerlike projections that recognize and bind to specific nucleotide sequences in the DNA are called?

Answer 10

Hormone Response Elements

Question 11

Where does the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deliver to?

Answer 11

Thyroid gland

Question 12

Where does the follicle-stimulating hormone deliver to?

Answer 12

Ovaries and testes

Question 13

What are the two process that regulate the overall blood levels of hormones?

Answer 13

Negative and Positive Feedbacks

Question 14

In the United States, the most common endocrine disease is diabetes. How can it be treated?

Answer 14

Taking insulin or other diabetes medicines is often part of treating diabetes. In addition to making healthy food and beverage choices, getting physical activity, getting enough sleep, and managing stress, medicines can help you manage the disease.

Question 15

What are the major endocrine organs of the body?

Answer 15

Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, Pineal Gland, Thymus Glands, Pancreas And Gonads

Question 16

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells of the pancreas production of which hormone would be directly affected?

Answer 16

Glucagon

Question 17

What happens if a mass loses both of his testicles?

Answer 17

Sperm cannot be made an a man becomes infertile. Also, without testicles a man cannot make enough testosterone, which can decrease sex drive and affect his ability to have erections

Question 18

Determine the ten Regulatory functions of the endocrine system.

Answer 18

Metabolism
Control of food intake and digestion
Tissue development
Ion regulation
Water balance
Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
Control of reproductive functions
Uterine contractions and milk release
Immune system regulation

Question 19

Multiple births are observed commonly in women treated for infertility with drugs that stimulate the release of gonadotropic hormones. What could be the reason?

Answer 19

The reason for this is that gonadotropin hormones stimulates the ovaries to generate more than one follicle. The stimulation of multiple follicles such as the creation of multiple eggs is the primary way to enhance fertility, which explains why infertile women became fertile and have a chance to conceive when treated with a drug that stimulates gonadotropin hormones.

Question 20

The hypothalamus makes two hormones, ____________ and ______________, that are stored by the posterior pituitary.

Answer 20

OXYTOCIN and ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

Question 21

The capillary beds and veins that transport the releasing and inhibiting hormones are called what?Hypothalamic - pituitary portal system

Question 22

The capillary beds and veins that transport the releasing and inhibiting hormones are called what?

Answer 22

Hypothalamic - pituitary portal system

Question 23

What is adrenal composed of?

Answer 23

ADRENAL GLANDS
ADRENAL MEDULLA
ADRENAL CORTEX

Question 24

What are the other hormones produced and released by cells of the chorionic villi (fingerlike projections in the endometrium) within the placenta –
similar to LH, targets the ovary (the one that released the oocyte) to influence the corpus luteum to remain functional (continue secreting progesterone) in order to maintain the endometrium during pregnancy (gestation) – secretion begins shortly after implantation – is the hormone tested for to indicate pregnancy.

Answer 24

HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

Question 25

What are the classes of chemical messenger and describe each?

Answer 25

Autocrine Chemical Messenger, secreted by cells in a local area; influences the activity of the same cell or cell type from which it was secreted.

Paracrine Chemical Messenger, produce by wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid.

Neurotransmitter, produce by neurons; secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals.

Endocrine Chemical Messenger, secreted into the blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues; results in coordinated regulation of cell function

Question 26

What happens if deficits and excess of Growth Hormone (GH) is untreated?

Answer 26

Both deficits and excess of GH may result in structural abnormalities. *Hyposecretion of GH during childhood leads to pituitary dwarfism. Body proportions are fairly normal but the person as a whole is a living maniature ( with a maximum adult height of 4 feet).

Hypersecretion during childhood results in gigantism. Individual becomes extremely tall; 8-9 feet is common

If hypersecretion occurs after long-bone growth has ended, acromegaly results. Facial bones, particularly the lower jaw and bony ridges underlying the eyebrows, enlarge tremendously, as do the feet and hands.

Question 27

What is the main function of the thyroid gland? And why is it important to have a normal rate of thyroid hormones?

Answer 27

The main function of a thyroid gland is to secrete thyroid hormones, which bind to intracellular receptors in cells and regulate the rate of metabolism in the body. And it is important to have a normal rate of thyroid hormones, because the growth and development cannot proceed normally without a normal rate of thyroid hormones.

Question 28

What are the three main organs of endocrine system?

Answer 28

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Thyroid

Question 29

Define what thymus gland is.

Answer 29

Thymus gland secretes thymosin, which enhances the ability of the immune system to function.

Question 30

List the hormones secreted by the placenta which are essential to the maintenance of pregnancy.

Answer 30

human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone

Question 31

Thyroid gland is part of what system?

Answer 31

Endocrine System

Question 32

What is the most common problem of the endocrine system?

Answer 32

Diabetes