Chapter 6

Question 1

Positive Reinforcement (SR+) is what?

Answer 1

The presentation of a consequence, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level.

Question 2

Negative Reinforcement (SRe-) is what?

Answer 2

A consequent removal or reduction of a stimulus, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level.

Question 3

The presentation of a consequence, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level.

Answer 3

Positive Reinforcement (SR+)

Question 4

A consequent removal or reduction of a stimulus, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level.

Answer 4

Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRe-)

Question 5

Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRa-)

Answer 5

A consequent prevention of a stimulus change, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level.

Question 6

A consequent prevention of a stimulus change, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level.

Answer 6

Negative Reinforcement Avoidance (SRa-)

Question 7

Armand turned off his car and the engine stopped running. Assuming this stimulus removal functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a __________.

Answer 7

Escape (SRe-)

Question 8

The last time Jenna went skiing on a sunny day, she got terrible sunburn on her face. Today she is skiing and see that the sun is shining brightly, Jenna applies sun screen to that she will not get a sunburn. Assuming this stimulus presentation functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a __________.

Answer 8

SR+

Question 9

What are the three different ways you can arrange reinforcement contingencies?

Answer 9

Presenting them (SR+), remove/reduce (SRe-), prevent (SRa-)

Question 10

What is Loss Aversion?

Answer 10

The tendency for loss prevention (SRa-) to influence behavior more than presentation of the same stimulus (SR+)

Question 11

The natural drive to engage in a behavior because it fosters a sense of competence.

Answer 11

Intrinsic motivation

Question 12

Reinforcers that are not automatically obtained by engaging in behavior and instead are artificially arranged.

Answer 12

Extrinsic reinforcers

Question 13

Objections to reinforcement: The two performance inhibiting properties of reinforcement.

Answer 13

Creativity and choking under pressure

Question 14

Objections of reinforcement: intrinsic motivation vs extrinsic reinforcers.

Question 15

Objection to positive reinforcement: cheating

Answer 15

If cheating can produce the positive reinforcer more easily than engaging in the desired behavior, some people will succumb to temptation.

Question 16

Three reasons were provided for distinguishing between positive and negative reinforcement. The first reason, heuristics, was this it is useful to remember there are three ways in which reinforcement can be arranged: ______, _________, ________.

Answer 16

SR+, SRe-, SRa-

Question 17

The second reason for distinguishing between positive and negative reinforcement is that the value of avoiding loss appears to be greater than the value of acquiring a gain. Behavioral economists call this _______ ________.

Answer 17

Loss prevention

Question 18

The third reasons for distinguishing between positive and negative reinforcement is that individuals tend to prefer ________ reinforcement contingencies over ________ reinforcement contingencies.

Answer 18

Positive, negative

Question 19

Organizational behavior management uses ________ reinforcement to increase workplace performances by an average of 69%.

Answer 19

Positive

Question 20

Positively reinforcing low-probability behaviors, like exercise, does not reduce ________ motivation. Instead it often allows individuals to contact automatic reinforcers that they would otherwise not experience.

Answer 20

Intrinsic

Question 21

If creativity is important, include this dimension in your If -> Then reinforcement __________.

Answer 21

Contingency

Question 22

If you want to avoid choking under pressure, the easiest solution is to avoid arranging _______ reinforcers for the skillful behavior.

Answer 22

Huge / large / big

Question 23

Anytime you arrange a reinforcement contingency, there is a chance that individuals will ________. Monitoring unethical behavior can reduce the chances that will occur.

Answer 23

Cheat

Question 24

A very simple process by which consequences increase the future probability of behavior.

Answer 24

Reinforcement

Question 25

According to the ___________ theory of reinforcement, each obtained reinforcer increases strength of the operant behavior.

Answer 25

Response-strengthening

Question 26

According to the _____________ theory of reinforcement, reinforcers do not strengthen behavior, they provide information about where and when reinforcers may be obtained.

Answer 26

Information