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Behavior Analysis > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

When a stimulus causes a reflexive response, we say that the stimulus ________ the response.

A

Elicits

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2
Q

For all other cases that a stimulus causes a response that isn’t reflexive we call it ________ a response.

A

Evoke / evoking

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3
Q

When a behavior systematically changes as a result of past experiences, we call this __________.

A

Learning

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4
Q

Natural selection “programs” individuals with innate _______ behaviors that help them survive in environments resembling those of their evolutionary ancestors.

A

Reflexive

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5
Q

These innate reflexive behaviors are __________ by specific stimuli, such as loss of support under an infants head.

A

Elicited

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6
Q

__________ is the term used to describe the gradual reduction in responding following repeated presentations of the evocative stimulus.

A

Habituation

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7
Q

John walked into the room and noticed the lights were off. The darkness ______ the reflexive knee jerk response.

A

Elicited

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8
Q

Dr smith tapped the patella tendon just below Ashley’s kneecap, this ______ a reflexive response.

A

Elicited

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9
Q

The baby on the nirvana album was placed in a swimming pool. This aquatic stimulus _______ the swimming reflex.

A

Elicited

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10
Q

What type of a response is elicited?

A

Unconditioned

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11
Q

What type of response is evoked?

A

Conditioned

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12
Q

A stimulus that does not occasion the response of interest.

A

Neutral stimulus

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13
Q

A stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning.

A

Unconditioned

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14
Q

The response reliably elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

A

Unconditioned response

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15
Q

A formerly neutral stimulus that now evokes a conditioned response.

A

Conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

The response evoked by the conditioned stimulus.

A

Conditioned response

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17
Q

You will recall from chapter 1 that the word “stimulus” refers to an environmental event that can be observed (seen, heard, smelled, etc) by an individual. Thus, the color red is a __________.

A

Stimulus

18
Q

More than one stimulus is referred to as stimuli. The plural of stimulus is _________.

A

Stimuli

19
Q

When food is placed into the dogs mouth, the dog salivates. Food is the __________ ___________ and salivating is the _____________.

A

Unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR)

20
Q

Before Pavlovian conditioningmm the sound produced by shaking the box of dog biscuits was a ________ _______ because it did not increase salvation.

A

Neutral stimulus

21
Q

During Pavlovian conditioning, the function of the box-shaking sound changed from a ________ __________ to a _______ ________.

A

Neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus.

22
Q

When the US elicits salivation, salivating is classified as an ________ ________?

A

Unconditioned reponse

23
Q

When the CS evokes salivation, salivating is classified as a _______ _______?

A

Conditioned response.

24
Q

Before Pavlovian conditioning, the neutral stimulus has no function - it does not influence behavior. After Pavlovian conditioning, the _________ of the neutral stimulus changes, it is now a CS that evokes a CR.

A

Function

25
Q

Through Pavlovian conditioning, individuals learn three things: 1. The CS signals a ________ reduction to the US; 2 the CS signals __________ the US is coming; and 3 the CS signals ________ US is coming

A

Delay, when, what

26
Q

The first principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is to use a phylogenetically important __________.

A

Unconditioned stimulus

27
Q

The second principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS should be __________, that is, noticeable.

A

Salient

28
Q

The third principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is, the CS should signal a large _______ _______ to the US.

A

Neutral stimulus

29
Q

The fourth principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is to be sure that no other _______ signals a delay in reduction to the US.

A

CS / stimulus / conditioned stimulus all acceptable here

30
Q

If the CS always precedes the US by 2 seconds, and the average time between the US events (US - US interval) is 200 seconds, what is the delay reduction ratio? And will it be effective?

A

200/2 = 100; yes it will function as an effective CS

31
Q

If the average time between US events is 60 seconds and the CS always precedes the US by 55 seconds, what is the delay-reduction ratio? Will it be effective?

A

60/55 = 1.09 no it will not function as an effective CS

32
Q

In a procedure known as Pavlovian __________, the ________ is presented repeatedly without the US.

A

Extinction, CS

33
Q

The effect of Pavlovian extinction on behavior is a reduction or elimination of the CS’s ability to evoke the ________.

A

Conditioned Response

34
Q

The therapy technique used to help Annora overcome her fear of dogs is called ________ ________ therapy.

A

Graduated exposure

35
Q

An early form of graduated exposure therapy was used by Mary _______ ______ to help Peter overcome his fear of rabbits and other fury animals.

A

Cover Jones

36
Q

When graduated exposure therapy is used to treat phobias, the first CS _________should be the stimulus anticipated to evoke little to no fear.

A

Approximation

37
Q

The most effective treatment for human phobias is known as _____ _____ therapy.

A

Graduated exposure

38
Q

Following an extinction session, it is common for the CS to __________ __________ its ability to evoke the CR.

A

Spontaneously recover

39
Q

When using Pavlovian extinction to treat human phobias, ________ _______ is a bad thing because, after the extinction session, the client experiences fear when the CS is presented.

A

Spontaneous recovery

40
Q

If more time passes between Pavlovian extinction sessions, ___________ spontaneous recovery will occur.

A

More

41
Q

Spontaneous recovery decreases as _______ Pavlovian extinction sessions are conducted.

A

More

42
Q

Spontaneous recovery can be minimized by continuing each extinction session until the ______ is completely extinguished.

A

CR

Behavior Analysis (9 decks)

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