Chapter 4

Question 1

When a stimulus causes a reflexive response, we say that the stimulus ________ the response.

Answer 1

Elicits

Question 2

For all other cases that a stimulus causes a response that isn’t reflexive we call it ________ a response.

Answer 2

Evoke / evoking

Question 3

When a behavior systematically changes as a result of past experiences, we call this __________.

Answer 3

Learning

Question 4

Natural selection “programs” individuals with innate _______ behaviors that help them survive in environments resembling those of their evolutionary ancestors.

Answer 4

Reflexive

Question 5

These innate reflexive behaviors are __________ by specific stimuli, such as loss of support under an infants head.

Answer 5

Elicited

Question 6

__________ is the term used to describe the gradual reduction in responding following repeated presentations of the evocative stimulus.

Answer 6

Habituation

Question 7

John walked into the room and noticed the lights were off. The darkness ______ the reflexive knee jerk response.

Answer 7

Elicited

Question 8

Dr smith tapped the patella tendon just below Ashley’s kneecap, this ______ a reflexive response.

Answer 8

Elicited

Question 9

The baby on the nirvana album was placed in a swimming pool. This aquatic stimulus _______ the swimming reflex.

Answer 9

Elicited

Question 10

What type of a response is elicited?

Answer 10

Unconditioned

Question 11

What type of response is evoked?

Answer 11

Conditioned

Question 12

A stimulus that does not occasion the response of interest.

Answer 12

Neutral stimulus

Question 13

A stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning.

Answer 13

Unconditioned

Question 14

The response reliably elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 14

Unconditioned response

Question 15

A formerly neutral stimulus that now evokes a conditioned response.

Answer 15

Conditioned stimulus

Question 16

The response evoked by the conditioned stimulus.

Answer 16

Conditioned response

Question 17

You will recall from chapter 1 that the word “stimulus” refers to an environmental event that can be observed (seen, heard, smelled, etc) by an individual. Thus, the color red is a __________.

Answer 17

Stimulus

Question 18

More than one stimulus is referred to as stimuli. The plural of stimulus is _________.

Answer 18

Stimuli

Question 19

When food is placed into the dogs mouth, the dog salivates. Food is the __________ ___________ and salivating is the _____________.

Answer 19

Unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR)

Question 20

Before Pavlovian conditioningmm the sound produced by shaking the box of dog biscuits was a ________ _______ because it did not increase salvation.

Answer 20

Neutral stimulus

Question 21

During Pavlovian conditioning, the function of the box-shaking sound changed from a ________ __________ to a _______ ________.

Answer 21

Neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus.

Question 22

When the US elicits salivation, salivating is classified as an ________ ________?

Answer 22

Unconditioned reponse

Question 23

When the CS evokes salivation, salivating is classified as a _______ _______?

Answer 23

Conditioned response.

Question 24

Before Pavlovian conditioning, the neutral stimulus has no function - it does not influence behavior. After Pavlovian conditioning, the _________ of the neutral stimulus changes, it is now a CS that evokes a CR.

Answer 24

Function

Question 25

Through Pavlovian conditioning, individuals learn three things: 1. The CS signals a ________ reduction to the US; 2 the CS signals __________ the US is coming; and 3 the CS signals ________ US is coming

Answer 25

Delay, when, what

Question 26

The first principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is to use a phylogenetically important __________.

Answer 26

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 27

The second principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS should be __________, that is, noticeable.

Answer 27

Salient

Question 28

The third principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is, the CS should signal a large _______ _______ to the US.

Answer 28

Neutral stimulus

Question 29

The fourth principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is to be sure that no other _______ signals a delay in reduction to the US.

Answer 29

CS / stimulus / conditioned stimulus all acceptable here

Question 30

If the CS always precedes the US by 2 seconds, and the average time between the US events (US - US interval) is 200 seconds, what is the delay reduction ratio? And will it be effective?

Answer 30

200/2 = 100; yes it will function as an effective CS

Question 31

If the average time between US events is 60 seconds and the CS always precedes the US by 55 seconds, what is the delay-reduction ratio? Will it be effective?

Answer 31

60/55 = 1.09 no it will not function as an effective CS

Question 32

In a procedure known as Pavlovian __________, the ________ is presented repeatedly without the US.

Answer 32

Extinction, CS

Question 33

The effect of Pavlovian extinction on behavior is a reduction or elimination of the CS’s ability to evoke the ________.

Answer 33

Conditioned Response

Question 34

The therapy technique used to help Annora overcome her fear of dogs is called ________ ________ therapy.

Answer 34

Graduated exposure

Question 35

An early form of graduated exposure therapy was used by Mary _______ ______ to help Peter overcome his fear of rabbits and other fury animals.

Answer 35

Cover Jones

Question 36

When graduated exposure therapy is used to treat phobias, the first CS _________should be the stimulus anticipated to evoke little to no fear.

Answer 36

Approximation

Question 37

The most effective treatment for human phobias is known as _____ _____ therapy.

Answer 37

Graduated exposure

Question 38

Following an extinction session, it is common for the CS to __________ __________ its ability to evoke the CR.

Answer 38

Spontaneously recover

Question 39

When using Pavlovian extinction to treat human phobias, ________ _______ is a bad thing because, after the extinction session, the client experiences fear when the CS is presented.

Answer 39

Spontaneous recovery

Question 40

If more time passes between Pavlovian extinction sessions, ___________ spontaneous recovery will occur.

Answer 40

More

Question 41

Spontaneous recovery decreases as _______ Pavlovian extinction sessions are conducted.

Answer 41

More

Question 42

Spontaneous recovery can be minimized by continuing each extinction session until the ______ is completely extinguished.

Answer 42

CR