Chapter 4 Flashcards
When a stimulus causes a reflexive response, we say that the stimulus ________ the response.
Elicits
For all other cases that a stimulus causes a response that isn’t reflexive we call it ________ a response.
Evoke / evoking
When a behavior systematically changes as a result of past experiences, we call this __________.
Learning
Natural selection “programs” individuals with innate _______ behaviors that help them survive in environments resembling those of their evolutionary ancestors.
Reflexive
These innate reflexive behaviors are __________ by specific stimuli, such as loss of support under an infants head.
Elicited
__________ is the term used to describe the gradual reduction in responding following repeated presentations of the evocative stimulus.
Habituation
John walked into the room and noticed the lights were off. The darkness ______ the reflexive knee jerk response.
Elicited
Dr smith tapped the patella tendon just below Ashley’s kneecap, this ______ a reflexive response.
Elicited
The baby on the nirvana album was placed in a swimming pool. This aquatic stimulus _______ the swimming reflex.
Elicited
What type of a response is elicited?
Unconditioned
What type of response is evoked?
Conditioned
A stimulus that does not occasion the response of interest.
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning.
Unconditioned
The response reliably elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned response
A formerly neutral stimulus that now evokes a conditioned response.
Conditioned stimulus
The response evoked by the conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned response
You will recall from chapter 1 that the word “stimulus” refers to an environmental event that can be observed (seen, heard, smelled, etc) by an individual. Thus, the color red is a __________.
Stimulus
More than one stimulus is referred to as stimuli. The plural of stimulus is _________.
Stimuli
When food is placed into the dogs mouth, the dog salivates. Food is the __________ ___________ and salivating is the _____________.
Unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR)
Before Pavlovian conditioningmm the sound produced by shaking the box of dog biscuits was a ________ _______ because it did not increase salvation.
Neutral stimulus
During Pavlovian conditioning, the function of the box-shaking sound changed from a ________ __________ to a _______ ________.
Neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus.
When the US elicits salivation, salivating is classified as an ________ ________?
Unconditioned reponse
When the CS evokes salivation, salivating is classified as a _______ _______?
Conditioned response.
Before Pavlovian conditioning, the neutral stimulus has no function - it does not influence behavior. After Pavlovian conditioning, the _________ of the neutral stimulus changes, it is now a CS that evokes a CR.
Function
Through Pavlovian conditioning, individuals learn three things: 1. The CS signals a ________ reduction to the US; 2 the CS signals __________ the US is coming; and 3 the CS signals ________ US is coming
Delay, when, what
The first principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is to use a phylogenetically important __________.
Unconditioned stimulus
The second principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS should be __________, that is, noticeable.
Salient
The third principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is, the CS should signal a large _______ _______ to the US.
Neutral stimulus
The fourth principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is to be sure that no other _______ signals a delay in reduction to the US.
CS / stimulus / conditioned stimulus all acceptable here
If the CS always precedes the US by 2 seconds, and the average time between the US events (US - US interval) is 200 seconds, what is the delay reduction ratio? And will it be effective?
200/2 = 100; yes it will function as an effective CS
If the average time between US events is 60 seconds and the CS always precedes the US by 55 seconds, what is the delay-reduction ratio? Will it be effective?
60/55 = 1.09 no it will not function as an effective CS
In a procedure known as Pavlovian __________, the ________ is presented repeatedly without the US.
Extinction, CS
The effect of Pavlovian extinction on behavior is a reduction or elimination of the CS’s ability to evoke the ________.
Conditioned Response
The therapy technique used to help Annora overcome her fear of dogs is called ________ ________ therapy.
Graduated exposure
An early form of graduated exposure therapy was used by Mary _______ ______ to help Peter overcome his fear of rabbits and other fury animals.
Cover Jones
When graduated exposure therapy is used to treat phobias, the first CS _________should be the stimulus anticipated to evoke little to no fear.
Approximation
The most effective treatment for human phobias is known as _____ _____ therapy.
Graduated exposure
Following an extinction session, it is common for the CS to __________ __________ its ability to evoke the CR.
Spontaneously recover
When using Pavlovian extinction to treat human phobias, ________ _______ is a bad thing because, after the extinction session, the client experiences fear when the CS is presented.
Spontaneous recovery
If more time passes between Pavlovian extinction sessions, ___________ spontaneous recovery will occur.
More
Spontaneous recovery decreases as _______ Pavlovian extinction sessions are conducted.
More
Spontaneous recovery can be minimized by continuing each extinction session until the ______ is completely extinguished.
CR
