Chapter 6 Flashcards
The body cavity that contains many of the major organs in digestion and excretion. it is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
Abdomen
Hey Siri the depression on the lateral pelvis where is three components bone join, in which the femoral head fits snugly 
Acetabulum
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal glands
Pertaining to the nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine 
adrenergic
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic metabolism
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest
Agonal gasps
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
The air sacs of the lungs in which exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
Alveoli
Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main biproduct is lactic acid
Anaerobic metabolism
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
Anatomic position
The study of physical structure of the body and its components
Anatomy
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
Aorta
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
Appendicular skeleton
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
Appendix
Apparently layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces of bones in synovial joints
Articular cartilage
The smallest branch of arterials leading to the vast network of capillaries
Arterioles 
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
Atrium
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the skeleton comprising the school, vertebral, and rib cage
Axial skeleton
Extension of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body To the dendrite of another neuron
Axons
A joint that allows internal and external rotation as well as bending
Ball and socket joint
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, and increase heart rate, and bronchial dilation
 beta- adrenergic receptors
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
Bicep
The duct that convey bile between the liver and intestines
Bile duct
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
Blood pressure BP
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
Brachial artery
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment
Brain
The area of the brain between spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
Brainstem
The heel bone
Calcaneus
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules the permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, Nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
Capillary vessels 
The heart muscle
Cardiac muscle
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate
Cardiac output CO
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
Carotid artery
Small bones that composed the wrist
Carpals
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bone; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear
Cartilage
The first part of the large intestine, and into which the ileum opens
Cecum
Set of chemical reactions that supply sells with energy. Includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
Cellular metabolism
The brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system CNS
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called a little brain; coordinates to various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements
Cerebellum
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the menigies
Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality
Cerebrum
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
Cervical spine
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attaches to the valves of the heart and prevent them from inverting
Chordae tendineae 
The substance that leaves the stomach. It was a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids
Chyme
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterials, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, Nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
Circulatory system
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
Clavicle
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone
Coccyx
Imaginary playing where the body is divided into front and back parts
Coronal (frontal) plane 
The hip bones
Coxae/ coxa
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones
Cranium
A firm Ridge of the cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilage that makes up the larynx
Cricothyroid membrane
Any portion of the airway that does not contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
Dead space
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings and blood vessels
Dermis
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
Diaphragm
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles
Diastole
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
Digestion
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsal
Dorsalis pedis artery
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
Endocrine system
Substances design to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
Enzyme
The outer layer of the skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
Epidermidis
A thin, leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea that prevents food and liquid from entering
Epiglottis
A substance produced by the body, and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction
Epinephrine
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propels food and liquids through it to the stomach 
Esophagus
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 ML in the average adult man
Expiratory reserve volume
The straightening of a joint
Extension
The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and our primary location for fertilization of the Ovum
Fallopian tubes
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area
Femoral artery
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
Femoral head
The thigh bone; the longest in one of the strongest bones in the body
Femur
The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side
Fibula
The bending of a joint
Flexion
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
Foraman magnum
The bones of the cranium that form the forhead
Frontal lobes
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
Gallbladder
The reproductive system in men and women
Genital system
The deepest layer of the upper dermis where new skin cells are formed
Germinal layer 
Bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the side just below the hip joint
Greater trochanter
The small organs that produce hair
Hair follicles
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through the body
Heart
The number of heartbeats during a specific time
Heart rate HR
And oxygen carrying protein found in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane
Hinge joint
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
Hormones
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerus
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
Hydrostatic pressure
An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, Also called hypercarbia
Hypercapnia
A condition in which the Circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shop
Hypoperfusion
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues
Hypoxia
A back of system to control respiration, Senses dropped in the oxygen levels in the blood
Hypoxic drive
One of the three bones that Fuse together to form the pelvic ring
Ileum
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart
Inferior vena cava
The amount of air that can be inhaled after in normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
The space in between the cells
Interstitial space
Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that active shock absorbers
Intervertebral discs
The space within a cell or cells
Intercellular space
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body
Involuntary muscle
One of three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ischium
The place where two bones come into contact; also called articulation
Joint
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
Joint capsule
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body salt and water contacts
Kidneys
The use use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist and expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired
Labored breathing
Metabolic byproduct of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of Oxygen
Lactic acid
The Portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate Solid waste
Large intestine
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur
Lesser trochanter
Band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to joints
Ligament
A large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate used by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune response
Liver
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest Five non-fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
Lumbar spine
A thin straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, Nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of the metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted
Lymph 
Tiny oval shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
Lymph nodes
A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone
Malleolus
The bone of the Lower jaw
Mandible
The upper quadrant of the sternum
Manubrium 
The upper jaw bones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the pallet and hold the upper teeth
Maxillae
Nervous tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve track; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Medulla oblongata
The bio chemical process that results in the production of energy from Nutrients within cells
Metabolism
Bones of the hand, situated between the carpals and phalanges
Metacarpals
Bones of the foot, situated between the tarsals and phalanges
Metatarsals
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness so
Midbrain
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Midsagittal plane (midline)
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute ; calculated by multiplying the title volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation
Minute volume
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Motor nerves
The lining of the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
Mucous membrane
The watery secretion of the mucous membrane that lubricates the body openings
Mucus
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
Musculoskeletal
The heart muscle
Myocardium
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth or palate
Nasopharynx
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
Nervous system
The functional unit of the nervous system; also called nerve cells
Neurons
Neural transmitter and drug sometimes used in treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha simulator properties
Norepinephrine 
The most posterior bone of the cranium
Occipital bone
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
The eyesocket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
Orbit
Tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
Oropharynx
The primary female reproductive organ that produces an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus
Ovaries
A flat solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
Pancreas
A subdivision of the Autonomic nervous system, Involved in controlling voluntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine 
Parasympathetic nervous system
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
Parietal bones
The kneecap; a specialized phone that lies within the tendon of the quadricep muscle
Patella
The study of how normal physiological processes or effected by disease
Pathophysiology
The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton
Pelvic girdle
The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton. It comprises the clavicle and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle
Pectoral girdle
The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the current needs of the cell
Perfusion
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerve; these maybe sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
Peripheral nervous system PNS
Wavelike contractions of smooth muscle by which the Ureters or other tubular organs propeller their contents
Peristalsis
The bones of the fingers and toes
Phalanges
The study of normal functions of living organisms and their part
Physiology
Sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and Nutrients and transport cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
Plasma
Tiny, disc shaped elements that are much smaller than cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot; the mechanism that stops bleeding
Platelets
Serous membrane covering the lungs and lining of the thorax, completely and closing a potential space known as the pleural space
Pleura 
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as potential because under normal conditions the space does not exist
Pleural space
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center
Pons
The ordery just behind the medial malleus; supplies blood to the foot
Posterior tibial artery
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid
Prostate gland
Hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the Lower most portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring or joined by cartilage add a joint with minimal motion
Pubic symphysis
One of the three bones that form the pelvic ring
Pubis
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen poor blood
Pulmonary artery
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches in capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary vein; also called the lesser circulation
Pulmonary circulation
The four veins the return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary veins
The Wave of pressure created as a heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle into the major arteries
Pulse
The major artery in the forearm; it is possible that the wrist on the thumb side
Radial artery
The bone on the Thumb side of the forearm
Radius
The lower most end of the colon
Rectum
Cells that carry oxygen to the body tissues; also called a Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
A cone shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funneled through the ureter into the bladder
Renal pelvis
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
Residual volume
The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiolologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air
Respiration
The inability of the body to move gas Effectively
Respiratory compromise
All of the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, Consisting of the upper and lower airway is in there component parts
Respiratory system
Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one level of arousal
Reticular activating system RAS
Behind the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal
The connection point between the pelvis and vertebral column
Sacroiliac joint
One of the three bones that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
Sacrum
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
Sagittal plane
Glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
Salivary gland
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
Scalp
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharge is along the shafts of the hairs
Sebaceous glands
The shoulder blade
Scapula
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
Semen
Storage sacs for sperm in seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
Seminal vesicles
The nerves that carry sensation such as Touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system
Sensory nerves
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion
Shock
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses and at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle
Skeletal muscle
The framework of the body, compose the bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues
Skeletal system
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach And cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum 
Small intestine
Involuntary muscle; it Constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and his present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
Smooth muscle
Apart of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels
Sphincters
Device used to measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
An extension of the brain, composed virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lives inside up and is protected by the spinal canal
Spinal cord
The breast bone
Sternum
The outer most or dead layer of the skin
Stratum corneum
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
Stroke volume SV
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
Subcutaneous tissue
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart
Superior vena cava
The glands that secrete sweat located in the dermal layer of the skin
Sweat glands
 the adrenergic Part of the autonomic peripheral nervous system responsible for the flight or fight response
Sympathetic nervous system
Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection
Symphyses
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
Synovial fluid
The lining of a joint that secrete synovial fluid into the joint space
Synovial membrane
The portion of the circulatory system outside the heart and lungs
Systemic circulation
The resistance the blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessel; related to the amount of dilation of Constriction in the blood vessel
Systemic vascular resistance SVR
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart especially that of the ventricles
Systole
The group of bone situated between the lower leg bone and the metatarsal bones of the foot
Tarsals
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
Temporal bones
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tendon
A male genital glands that contain specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
Testicle
The chest or rib cage
Thoracic cage
The 12 vertebrae that line between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae
Thoracic spine
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
Thorax
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
The shin bone; the larger of the two bones of the lower legs
Tibia
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs and one relaxed breath; about 500 ML for an adult
Tidal volume
The superficial landmarks of the body that service guides to the structures that lie beneath them
Topographic anatomy
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
Trachea
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
Transverse (axial) plane
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
Tricep
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allowed vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
Tunica media
The inner bone of the forearm, on the opposite side of the thumb
Ulna
The navel; also called the belly button
Umbilicus
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Ureter
A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
Urinary bladder
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to the outside the body
Urethra
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
Urinary system
The outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal
Vagina
The movement of air between the lungs and the environment
Ventilation
One of two lower chambers of the heart
Ventricle
The bones of the vertebral column
Vertebrae
The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral discs. Houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column
Vertebral column
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at Will; skeletal or Striated, muscle
Voluntary muscle
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs
V/Q ratio
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanism against infection; also called leukocytes
White blood cells
The narrow , cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
Xiphoid process
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bones
Zygomas
