Chapter 6

Question 1

Authenticity

Answer 1

the extent to which the analysis of a phenomenon corresponds with reality.

Question 2

Confirmability

Answer 2

the extent to which a study’s results may be verified by an independent researcher.

Question 3

Credibility

Answer 3

the extent to which the results of an analysis “fit” with the reality being depicted.

Question 4

Dependability

Answer 4

the extent to which a researcher has produced accurate results, based on precise methods.

Question 5

Equivocal

Answer 5

having the possibility of several different meanings; ambiguous.

Question 6

External validity

Answer 6

the extent to which the findings drawn from the cases under examination may be used to make generalizations about phenomena outside the original study.

Question 7

Impartiality

Answer 7

the extent to which a study offers findings based on observation and evidence, as opposed to opinion or conjecture.

Question 8

Internal validity

Answer 8

the extent to which the researcher has produced results reflective of reality, as measured within the confines of the study.

Question 9

Large-N study

Answer 9

research involving a large number of cases.

Question 10

Measurement validity

Answer 10

the extent to which the measurement of a particular concept matches its operational definition.

Question 11

Member checks

Answer 11

the process of verifying study results in consultation with its subjects.

Question 12

Mixed methods research

Answer 12

research that uses a variety of qualitative and quantitative methodologies in the confines of a single study.

Question 13

Objectivity

Answer 13

the extent to which a study’s results are unbiased by the researcher’s predispositions.

Question 14

Plausibility

Answer 14

when compared with alternative accounts, the extent to which a study’s results offer a reasonable, believable account of reality.

Question 15

Portability

Answer 15

the extent to which a study’s results may be used to draw conclusions about other cases not immediately under investigation.

Question 16

Precision

Answer 16

the extent to which a study offers an accurate account of reality, based on the ability of other researchers to reach similar conclusions under similar circumstances.

Question 17

Probability

Answer 17

the mathematical likelihood that the results of a study apply beyond the cases under examination to other cases under the same general category.

Question 18

Qualitative research

Answer 18

the non-numerical examination of reality; typically conducted through the use of verbal depiction.

Question 19

Quantitative research

Answer 19

the numerical examination of reality; typically conducted through the use of statistical analysis.

Question 20

Reliability

Answer 20

the extent to which the measurement of a particular variable yields consistent results.

Question 21

Small-n studies

Answer 21

research involving a small number of cases.

Question 22

Transferability

Answer 22

the extent to which researchers can export the lessons drawn from one investigation to develop conclusions about another set of cases.

Question 23

Triangulation

Answer 23

the use of multiple approaches to data collection and analysis as a means of drawing trustworthy conclusions about reality.

Question 24

Trustworthiness

Answer 24

the extent to which a study produces legitimate knowledge.

Question 25

Univocal

Answer 25

having one meaning; unambiguous.

Question 26

Document analysis

Answer 26

A process in which the researcher collects and reviews existing written documents relevant to the topic at hand and incorporates the information from these documents into the analysis.

Question 27

Textual analysis

Answer 27

The systematic study of texts

Question 28

Content analysis

Answer 28

Focuses on the message features of texts, such as how frequently a particular term is used, the positioning, framing of messages, and the way messages are communicated.

Question 29

Discourse analysis

Answer 29

The study of how texts are used within their societal context, and what texts can tell us about the larger society

Question 30

coding

Answer 30

Process of moving from full text to either themes or variables

Question 31

structural features

Answer 31

The objective descriptive facts about the presentation of a text, such as the length of the text, the location of the text, the authors, and so forth.

Question 32

manifest content

Answer 32

the literal message being communicated by the text

Question 33

latent content

Answer 33

the underlying message being communicated by the text

Question 34

primary documents

Answer 34

original documents or artifacts

Question 35

secondary documents

Answer 35

documents compiled or written from original documents and that typically include some form of synthesis, analysis, or interpretation

Question 36

transcripts

Answer 36

a complete, verbatim record of the event following an interview, conversation, or experience

Question 37

field research

Answer 37

the researcher travels to the area of study to access documents and individuals that cannot be accessed from the researcher’s home location

Question 38

codebook

Answer 38

a detailed set of instructions informing research team members how to apply appropriate codes to each case in the study

Question 39

intercoder reliability

Answer 39

different coders apply the same codes independently; researchers will typically have multiple coders manually code the same texts and then assess the results to look for consistency

Question 40

discourses

Answer 40

key messages and ideas that combine together to convey meaning

Question 41

If you want to conduct a mixed-methods analysis of Throne Speeches during Conservative governments post-World War II, you would conduct a __.

Answer 41

content analysis

Question 42

Most documents have dates attached to them. Which element of making a causal claim does this support?

Answer 42

temporal order

Question 43

Which of these is not something that can be reliably coded from a text?

Answer 43

What the author was thinking

Question 44

__ is the literal, or surface, message being communicated by the text.

Answer 44

Manifest content

Question 45

You read a content analysis that says it is looking at tweets with the hashtag #ableg posted by users within Canada during the first and last months of a legislative session. In this, a single tweet is the __.

Answer 45

unit of analysis

Question 46

Content analysis projects can be __.

Answer 46

Quantitative and qualitative.

Question 47

If you want to understand the power relations embedded in major documents concerning Indigenous sovereignty in Nunavut and Greenland, you would conduct a __.

Answer 47

Discourse analysis

Question 48

Consider a discourse analysis that argues a major political party uses racially coded language in its messaging to appeal both to white voters with latent racist ideals as well as middle-class racialized citizens. Which of these is true of this argument?

Answer 48

This research is theory-building.

Question 49

Whereas __ focuses on learning information from texts, __ focuses on analyzing the texts themselves.

Answer 49

document analysis; textual analysis

Question 50

reactivity

Answer 50

a form of bias in which research subjects consciously or unconsciously alter their behaviours or responses due to the presence of the researcher and/or their awareness of the research study.