Chapter 6 Flashcards
Alveoli
Milk producing components of the breast
Apoptosis
Death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organisms growth or development
Areola
Circular, dark pigmented area that surrounds the nipple
Cooper’s ligaments
Connected tissue in the breast that helps maintain structural integrity. Name for Ashley Cooper who was first to describe them in 1840
Feedback inhibition of lactation
Small active way protein that is synthesize by the lactocites and accumulates in the Aveolar lumen
Galactopoiesis
Maintenance of milk production
Involution
Removal of milk producing cells after weaning by apoptosis
Lactocytes
Specialized epithelial cells that line the interior of the aveolus
Lactogenesis
Process of cellular changes in Glanger tissue in the breast whereby memory epithelia cells are converted from a nonsecretory state (milk producing) to a secretory state (milk producing)
Lactogenesis I
Differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells into lactocytes that secrete colostrum
Lactogenesis II
Onset of copious milk production that begins 32 to 96 hours after birth
Montgomery glands
Sebaceous glands in the areola surrounding the nipple that make oily secretions to keep the areola and the nipple lubricated and protected
Myoepithelial cells
Sells that encase the aveloi and contract in response to oxytocin to eject milk into ductles
Parenchyma
Functional tissue of an organ is distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue
Poland syndrome
Unilateral hyperplasia of the breast combined with hyperplasia of the thorax and pectoral muscles
Prolactin receptor sites
Sites in the lattice sites that allow prolactin to be absorbed from the blood and enter into the alveoli to stimulate milk production
Sheehan syndrome
A pituitary infarct caused by severe postpartum hemorrhage
Tail of Spence
Mammory glandular tissue the projects into the axillary region
Breast development facts
Only organ that is not fully developed at birth
Capable of a full lactation from about 16 weeks of pregnancy onward
Under endocrine or hormonal control before delivery of the placenta. Changes to autocrine or local control during lactogenesis II
Breast development during embryonic and neonatal stages
Weeks 3 to 4 a primitive milk streak forms and runs bilaterally from the Axilla to the groin
Weeks 4 to 5 milk stream becomes a memory milk ridge or Galactic band. Pairedbreast develop from this line of glandular tissue
Week 7 to 8 thickening an inward growth into the chest wall continues
Weeks 12 to 16 specialize cells differentiate into smooth muscle of nipples and areola
Weeks 15 to 25 shallow epithelia depressions or mammary pits begin to form which represent future secretary of the alveoli
After 32 weeks a lumen or canal forms in each part of the branching system
Near-term 15 to 25 memory ducks form the fetal memory gland
Neonate galactorrhea also called witches milk begins which is the secretion of colostral like fluid from neonatal memory tissue coming from maternal hormones
Breast development continues through puberty
Breast growth keep pace with general physical growth
Growth of the breast parenchyma or functional parts of the breast produces ducts, lobes, alveoli, and surrounding fat pads
Onset of menses at age 10 to 12 continues breast development. Primary and secondary ducts grow and divide. Terminal endbuds form which later become alveoli. Proliferation and active growth of ductal tissue takes place during each menstrual cycle and continues to about age 35 years
Complete development of memory function occurs only in pregnancy. Breast size increases, skin appears thinner, and veins become more prominent. Areola diameter increases, Montgomery glands enlarge, and nipple pigment darkened.
Breast anatomy - exterior breast
Exterior breast is located in the superficial fascia between the second rib and the six intercostal space
Mammary glandular tissue the projection to the axillary region is called tale of Spence. It connects to the duct system. Potential area can be affected by mastitis
Skin surface contains the nipple, Ariola, and Montgomery glance. Size is not related to functional capacity. Fat composition of the breast gives it its size and shape
Nipple areolar complex
Target for the newborn to latch and feed.
Conical elevation located slightly below the center of the areola
Average diameter of a nipple is 1.6 cm, the average length is 0.7 cm.
Smooth muscle fibers function to close off milk.
Nipple is densely innervated with sensory nerve endings.
Longitudinal inner muscles and outer circular and radio muscles make nipple erect when contracted
Nipple becomes smaller, firmer, and more prominent to help the infant latch.
Areola is a circular, dark pigmented area that surrounds the nipple
The average diameter is 6.4 cm.
Constructed a smooth muscle and collagenous, elastic, connected tissue fibers in a radio and circular arrangement.
Increased in melanin deposits during pregnancy causes darkening to occur which is usually a company by enlargement
Montgomery tubercles are located around the areola. They contain ductal openings of sebaceous and lactiferous glands and sweat glands. They secrete a substance that lubricates and protects the nipples. Secretions produce a scent to help the infant locate the nipple.