Chapter 6 Flashcards
Cardiac Output
The Cardiac output increases rapidly initially and then gradually and eventually it will reach a plateau.
During exercise at maximal intensity, the cardia output may be 4 times the level it is at rest.
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Stroke Volume
This is the amount of blood that is let out with each heartbeat.
The end-diastolic volume increases significantly.
The sympathetic stimulation increases stroke volume at the onset of exercise.
Heart Rate
The rate increases in a linear fashion with intensity.
Oxygen Uptake
Increases occur during acute bouts of aerobic exercise. It is related to the metabolic efficiency, the mass of exercising muscle, and the intensity of exercise
Max Oxygen Uptake is the largest amount f oxygen that is able to be used at the cellular level for the whole body.
The Resting Oxygen Uptake is an estimated 3.5 ml of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute. This is often described as 1 MET or Metabolic Equivalent.
Blood Pressure
The systolic blood pressure is the estimated pressure that is put on the arterial walls as blood is forcefully ejected during ventricular contractions.
Diastolic blood is defined as the pressure on the arterial walls when there is no blood being forcefully ejected.
Gas Responses
During aerobic exercise of the High Intensity variety, pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 causes gas movement from cell membranes to other cell membranes.
Diffusing capacities of O2 and CO2 increases greatly during exercise.
Blood Transport of Gases and Metabolic by-Products
Hemoglobin carries most of the Oxygen in blood.
Carbon dioxide is removed when it combines with water and is delivered to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate.
When we exercise at a low or moderate pace, there is enough oxygen for lactic acid to not accumulate due to the removal rate being more than the production rate.
The Onset of Blood Lactate is the exercise level where lactic acid shows.
Physiological Adaptions to Aerobic Endurance Training
Increase: low power output for muscular endurance, capillary density, mitochondrial density, ATP, CP, Glycogen, Triglycerides, Ligament/Tendon Strength, Event-Specific Ventilatory Adaptations, Aerobic Capacity in muscles, secretion of hormones, Max oxygen uptake, cardiac output
Altitude
After 2,900 feet or 1,200 meters, changes begin to occur.
There is an increase in pulmonary ventilation and cardiac output at rest and Submax exercise due to heart rate increase, lower stroke volume, increased RBC
Values return to their normal ranges in two weeks.
Acid-Base: Body fluids become more alkaline
Overtraining Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Possible Markers
Decreases in: Performance Body fat percentage Maximal uptake of oxygen Muscle glycogen Lactate Total testosterone concentration Total testosterone to cortisol ratio Free testosterone to cortisol ratio Total testosterone to sex hormone-binding globulin ratio Sympathetic tone
Increases In: Muscle soreness Submaximal exercising heart rate Creatine kinase Sympathetic stress response
