Chapter 11

Question 1

Steroid Dosing, Efficacy, Adverse Effects

Answer 1

Stacked, Cycled, Pyramids
Increases muscle mass and strength, protein synthesis
Aggression, arousal, irritability
Can increase blood pressure, atrophy testes, impotency, gynecomastia, lipid profile change, libido, acne, baldness, tumours, liver damage, tendon tears, mental health

Question 2

Human Chorionic Gonaotropin

Answer 2

Increase testosterone production in men

Question 3

Insulin

Answer 3

Can be fatal, increases synthesis of protein

Question 4

Erythroproietin

Answer 4

Increases hematocrit and hemoglobin

Can increase blood clotting

Question 5

EAA’s

Answer 5

Leucine is a main part of regulation in stimulating muscle protein synthesis. It activates Akt/mTOR pathways in skeletal muscle, which is important for skeletal muscle protein synthesis.

Question 6

Arginine

Answer 6

Claims associated with arginine supplementation are the ability to raise nitric oxide levels, raise muscle blood flow, and improved performance when exercising.

There isn’t much evidence that arginine supplements do this.

Oral arginine supplementation is not recommended for healthy athletes.

Question 7

B-Hydroxy-B-Methylbutyrate

Answer 7

HMB stimulates the synthesis of proteins and decreases the breakdown of proteins by inhibiting ubiquitin proteasome pathways. It may be an effective supplement to reduce lean muscle loss in a catabolic state.

HMB is most effective when you have adequate training stimuli. For the untrained, it requires little training stimulus. For the trained, it requires high intensity and high volume resistance programs.

Question 8

Nutritional Muscle Buffers

Answer 8

B-Alanine

Sodium Bicarbonate

Sodium Citrate

Question 9

L-Carnitine

Answer 9

L-Carnitine study’s show unclear efficacy in its role as an ergogenic acid that increases lipid oxidation.

It may increase exercise recovery times.

Question 10

Creatine

Answer 10

IT has the ability to rapidly rephosphorylate ADP, which depends on the enzyme creatine kinase and creatine phosphates availability in muscles.
These supplements increase the creatine content of muscles by about 20%, with a saturation limit.

Question 11

Citrus Aurantium

Answer 11

May contribute to suppression of appetite, increase rate of metabolism and lipolysis.

Time to fatigue improves when combined with caffeine
Increased blood pressure and vasoconstriction

It is on the NCAA’s list for banned PEDs

Question 12

Ephedrine

Answer 12

Effective when used with caffeine

Improves mostly Aerobic endurance

Adverse Effects

Lots of adverse effects, like death

Banned by most governing institutions.

Question 13

Preworkout Energy Drinks

Answer 13

Effective for raising resistance training volume performance, but not as responsive during other anaerobic exercises.

A minimum of 2 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass has been shown to increase cycling and running performance.