Chapter 6 Flashcards
Battle of Lexington
Won by British, Hancock and Adams already warned a militia ready to fight lead by John Parker, nobody knows who fired first
Battle of Concord
Won by colonists, lots of colonial soldiers— redcoats had to cross north bridge but militia camped it and redcoats retreated
2nd Continental Congress
Colonial government, John Hancock was presiding officer, organized war effort— continental army
Commander in Chief of continental army
George Washington
Olive Branch
Peace petition rejected by King George III— he didnt even read it!
Three generals receiving promotion after Gage demoted
Howe, Burgoyne, Clinton
Howe
The best, always wins, serious
Burgoyne
Vain, loses battles, found as “attractive” (looks like a hamster)
Clinton
The last man standing type of army general
Battle of Bunker / Breed’s hill
Colonists ran out of ammo so British had a Pyrrhic victory— 1,000 British casualties.
Battle of Ft. Ticonderoga
Henry Knox steals 59 cannons back to Boston after Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold take control of Ft. Ticonderoga and its weapons. They surround the British and British retreats
General John Pitcairn
General at Bunker Hill
Dr. Joseph Warren
Margaret Gage’s doctor, Paul revere’s friend, dies during Bunker Hill
Peter Salem
Black slave who shot General Pitcairn leading the charge at Bunker Hill. His feat was marginalized, even though he did one of the MOST IMPORTANT things in the Revolutionary War.
“Common Sense”
A book written by Thomas “Tom” Paine, about the common sense and etiquette that all people should have. 500,000 copies sold!
Deceleration of Independence (original draft)
Written by Thomas Jefferson, edited by Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, & Robert Livingston
Redcoats after Bunker Hill
Go up to Novascotia, Canada, and get 30,000 men for reinforcements, then go to attack NY.
What happened in NY (hint: Howe)
William Howe crushes Washington and continental army in NY
British’s two mistakes
- Underestimated the colonists
2. Captured cities but never captured American Spirit
Washington crossing the Deleware River
Awful circumstances— painting is completely inaccurate! Raging winds, bitter cold, ice-choked river, no shoes, on Christmas Night
December 25th, 1776 (technically December 26th because past midnight)
Washington and his army surprise attack against Hessian forces in New Jersey.
Hessians
Working for the British but didnt care who won’t the battle, just wanted money. German foreign mercenaries
battle of Trenton
Caught Hessians off-guard, 1,400 Hessians surrender
Battle of Princeton
New Years Day— colonists attack Princeton, NJ— back to back win!
Battle of Saratoga
Britain has NYC, plans to capture Albany and control river— William Howe does not follow plan in Albany leaving Burgoyne— the bad one— on his own.
Hudson River Strategy
Britain has NYC and plans to capture Albany to take over Hudson River, and then split colonies
Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne (Battle Of Saratoga)
Personal Baggage: 30 carts of liquor, clothing, etc (never wore the same outfit twice!)
John Burgoyne’s travel carts
138 Artillery pieces, Hot Summer, Difficult Terrain, very slow-moving
Battle of Saratoga TURNING POINT
Burgoyne surrenders 5,000 men, since Horatio Gates (Washington backup and general) ran into Burgoyne— they fought eachother at Saratoga
Benedict Arnold
MVP of Saratoga, WANTS A PROMOTION, but Horatio Gates falsely gets credit. Arnold then falls in love with a loyalist and switches sides, giving up all of Americas information
Why France declares war on England
- Battle of Saratoga
2. Ben Franklin!!
Valley Forge
Continental Army’s winter camp, 12,000 men, close quarters, ragged clothes, 2,000 deaths, DISEASE, scanty supply of food
Fire-Cakes
Balls of flour and other old food burned to crisps— helped with food supply and were able to used old or fermented food at Valley Forge
Leading Ladies at Valley Forge
Nurses, Seamstresses, Laundresses, & morale builders— some notable ones are Lucy Know, Martha Washington, and Catherine Greene— unfortunately mostly famous for their spouses.
Friedrich Willhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustine Von Steuben
Known as Baron von Steuben, Prussian General. Trained Troops at valley forge— taught them Line to Column transition, loading and firing in formation, and how to use a Bayonet
Nathaniel Greene
Quartermaster General, Forages for food
The Battle of Monmouth Courthouse
Ends in a tie
After Valley Forge
Continental army is proven to be a formidable opponent, so British go south hoping for loyalist support
The Southern Strategy
British take control of Southern Colonies first, due to the large loyalist population
Who was in charge of the Southern Strategy?
Henry Clinton & Charles Cornwallis — Charleston, SC
Guerilla Warfare
Small, Mobile Force
Ambush hit & run
Take out large, unwieldy armies
Guerilla Warfare highlight people
Andrew Pickens, Thomas Sumter, & Francis Marion
Andrew Pickens
“Wizard Owl”
They thought he was a ghost, and he was elusive!
Thomas Sumter
“Fighting Gamecock”
He was a very vicious
Francis Marion
“Swamp Fox”
Thought he was a ghost of the swamp!
Emily Geiger’s Dangerous Mission
A messenger for Nathaniel Greene (even though he didnt want a woman, she was only choice) gets caught with the note, but before she gets searched she swallows the note after memorizing
Chesapeake Bay
Important People: Washington, Rochambeau, De Grasse
17,000 French & American soldiers
24 Warships from the French
3 week battle!
Siege of Yorktown
October 19th, 1781
Cornwallis surrenders 7,000 men
Treaty of Paris
1783
John Jay, Ben Franklin, and John Adams
Decided that 13 colonies are free, British troops mist leave, & colonists get the land of E. Miss, S. Of Great Lakes
Rochambeau (Yorktown)
Pins Cornwallis with Washington against the coast
De Grasse (Yorktown)
French General who Prevented Cornwallis’ escape by sea
