Chapter 6 Flashcards
the body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
abdomen
the depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
acetabulum
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than in women. Also called the thyroid cartilage.
Adam’s Apple
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
adrenal glands
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine
adrenergic
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
aerobic metabolism
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest
agonal gasp or breathing
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels
alpha-adrenergic receptors
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
alveoli
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by -product is lactic acid
anaerobic metabolism
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
anatomic position
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.
Aorta
The portion of the skeletal system that comprised the arms, legs, pelvis, and should girdle
appendicular skeleton
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
appendix
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capilaaries
arterioles
A pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces ( contact surface on the ends) of bones in synovial joints.
articular cartilage
One of the the two upper champers of the heart
atrium
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions such as digestion and sweating , that are not controlled voluntarily
autonomic nervous system
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage
axial skeleton
a joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
ball-and-socket joint
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
beta-adrenergic receptors
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
biceps
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
bile ducts
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
blood pressure (BP)
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
brachial artery
The controlling organ of the body and cent of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement
brain
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
brain stem
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
capillary vessels
The heart muscle
cardiac muscle
A measure of the column of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
cardiac output (CO)
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and the brain
carotid artery
The smooth connective tissues that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
Cartilage
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
cecum
The brain and spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements.
cerebellum
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality.
cerebrum
the portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
cervical spine
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
chordae tendineae
The substance that leave the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids.
chyme
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.
circulatory system
The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
clavicle
The last three or four vertebrae of the spin; the tail bone
coccyx
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
coronal plane
the area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium, contains the brain
cranium
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
A think sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
cricothyroid membrane
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
dead space
the inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
dermis
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
diaphragm
the relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.
diastole
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body.
digestion
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.
dorsalis pedis artery
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.
endocrine system
substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.
enzymes
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body.
epidermis
a thin, lead-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and luquid from entering
epiglottis
a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system.
epinephrine
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
esophagus
the amount of air that can be exhale following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1, 200 mL in the average adult man
expiratory reserve volume
the straightening of a joint
extension
long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus
fallopian tubes
the major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.
femoral artery
the proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
femoral head
the thighbone, the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
femur
the bending of a joint
flexion
the portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
frontal bone
a sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
galbladder
the reproductive system in men and women
genital system
the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
germinal layer
a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
greater trochanter
the small organs that produce hair
hair follicles
a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
heart
the number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 min).
heart rate (HR)
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.
hinge joints
Substances form in specialized organs or glans and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.
hormones
the supporting bone of the upper arm
humerus
the pressure of water against the walls of its container
hydrostatic pressure
a “backup system” to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
hypoxic drive
one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
illium
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart
inferior vena cava
the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
the space between cells
interstitial space
the muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.
involuntary muscle
the place where two bones come into contact
joint (articulation)
the fibrous sac that encloses a joint
joint capsule
two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content.
kidneys
the use of muscles of the chest, back , and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is imparied
labored breathing
a metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolisms proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)
lactic acid
the portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum , the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste
large intestine
the projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.
lesser trochanter
a band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones,. It supports and strengthens a joint
ligament
a large organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
liver
the lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
lumbar spine
a thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted
lymph
tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
lymph nodes
the bone of the lower jaw
mandible
the upper quarter of the sternum
manubrium
the upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth.
maxillae
nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
medulla oblongata
the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells
metabolism ( cellular respiration)
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
midbrain
an imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (naval) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
midsagittal plane (midline)
The volume of air that move in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation
minute volume
nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
motor nerves
the lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body.
mucous membranes
the watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
mucus
the bones and voluntary muscles of the body
musculoskeletal system
the heart muscle
myocardium
the part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.
nasopharynx
the system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
nervous system
a neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its aplha-stimulator properties
norepinephrine
the most posterior portion of the cranium
occiputal
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteints.
oncotic pressure
the eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
orbit
a tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea.
oropharynx
female glands that produces sex hormones and oval eggs
ovaries
a flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
pancreas
a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
parasympathetic nervous sytem
the bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
parietal bones
the knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.
patella
the study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
pathophysiology
the circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells; current needs
perfusion
the part of the nervous system the consists of 21 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connection nerves.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
peristalsis
a sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
plasma
tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
platelets
the serious membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.
pleura
the potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.
pleural space
an organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.
pons
the artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
posterior tibial artery
a small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid
prostate glade
a hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion.
pubic symphysis
one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
pubis
the major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood
pulmonary artery
the flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also call the lesser circulation
pulmonary circulation
the four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
pulmonary veins
the wave of pressure created as the heart contacts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries.
pulse
the major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
radial artery
the bone on the thumb side of the forearm
radius
the lowermost end of the colon
rectum
cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes
red blood cells
a cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder
renal pelvis
the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
residual volume
the inhaling and exhaling of air, the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air
respiration
the inability of the body to move gas effectively
respiratory compromise
all the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts.
respiratory system
located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal
reticular activating system
behind the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
the connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
sacroiliac joint
one of three bones (sacrum and two pelvis bones) that make up the pelvic ring, consist of five fused sacral vertebrae
sacrum
