Chapter 6

Question 1

Working Alliance

Answer 1

The conscious and purposeful aspect of a counseling relationship and includes affective or bonding elements such as liking, respect, and trust, along with a collaborative spirit between counselor and client in establishing tasks and goals of treatment

Question 2

Johari window

Answer 2

a conceptual device used to represent the way in which most individuals enter the counseling relationship

Question 3

Functional fixity

Answer 3

seeing things in only one way or from one perspective or being fixated on the idea that this particular situation or attribute is the issue. When they communicate their view of reality to others, it is commonly accepted as factual

Question 4

Reframing

Answer 4

a technique that offers the client another probable and positive viewpoint or perspective on a situation.

Question 5

Leading

Answer 5

Changing client perceptions requires persuasive skill and direction from the counselor.

Question 6

Minimal leads

Answer 6

sometimes referred to as minimal encouragers- such as “hmmm,” “yes,” or “I hear you” are best used in the building phase of a relationship because they are low risk.

Question 7

Maximum leads

Answer 7

a lead such as confrontation, they are more challenging and should be employed only after a solid relationship has been established

Question 8

Multifocused Responding

Answer 8

clients experience the world in different ways and tuning into clients’ major modes of perceiving and learning is crucial to bringing about change.

visually: they see what is happening;
primarily auditory: they listen to their environments.
kinesthetic: they feel situations as though physically in touch with them.

For example, the counselor might say to a multimodal sensory person, “I see your point and hear your concern. I feel that you are really upset.”

Question 9

nature of speech

Answer 9

affective responses focus on a client’s feelings,
behavioral responses attend to actions,
cognitive responses center on thought

Question 10

Primary empathy

Answer 10

It involves communicating a basic understanding of what the client is feeling and the experiences and behaviors underlying these feelings.

It helps establish the counseling relationship, gathers data, and clarifies problems.

For example, a client might say, “I’m really feeling like I can’t do anything for myself.” The counselor replies, “You’re feeling helpless.”

Question 11

Advanced empathy

Answer 11

This form of empathy reflects not only what clients state overtly but also what they imply or state incompletely.

For example, a counselor notes that a client says, “And I hope everything will work out” while looking off into space. The counselor responds, “For if it doesn’t, I’m not sure what I will do next.”

Question 12

Self-disclosure

Answer 12

A conscious, intentional technique in which clinicians share information about their lives outside the counseling relationship

It helps establish trust and facilitates the counseling relationship

Question 13

Dyadic effect

Answer 13

reciprocal self-disclosure.

Question 14

Formal disclosure

Answer 14

A type of disclosure given in the counselor’s professional disclosure statement given to clients

Question 15

Spontaneous disclosure

Answer 15

This type of disclosure occurs when a counselor reveals pertinent information during a session.

It should/shouldn’t :
be brief and focused,
add to the clients’ problems
not be used frequently

Question 16

Hesitancy

Answer 16

takes many forms (talking too much, being silent, changing the subject), but Self-disclosure helps them feel more comfortable by modeling and inviting SD. It can also help to explore negative feelings.

Question 17

Immediacy

Answer 17

This involves a counselor’s and a client’s understanding and communicating at the moment what is going on between them in the helping relationship, particularly feelings, impressions, and expectations

Question 18

Overall relationship immediacy

Answer 18

How are you and I doing?

Question 19

immediacy that focuses on some particular event in a session

Answer 19

what’s going on between you and me right now?

Question 20

Hope

Answer 20

the feeling that something desirable, such as the achievement of a goal, is possible.

Question 21

MUM effect

Answer 21

Avoiding confrontation of clients’ behaviors

Question 22

SAFE

Answer 22

Client contracts:

S stands for specificity (i.e., treatment goals),
A for awareness (i.e., knowledge of procedures, goals, and side effects of counseling),
F for fairness (i.e., the relationship is balanced and both client and counselor have enough information to work), and
E for efficacy (i.e., making sure the client is empowered in the areas of choice and decision making)

Question 23

Rehearsal

Answer 23

After a contract is set up, counselors can help clients maximize the chance of fulfilling it by getting them to do this

Question 24

Overt rehearsal

Answer 24

requires clients to verbalize or act out what they are going to do.

For example, if a woman is going to ask a man out for a date, she will want to rehearse what she is going to say and how she is going to act beforehand.

Question 25

Covert rehearsal

Answer 25

imagining or reflecting on the desired goal.

For instance, students giving a speech can first imagine the conditions under which they will perform and then reflect on how to organize the subject matter that they will present.

Question 26

Coaching

Answer 26

In rehearsal, the counselor provides temporary aids or feedback to help the client remember what to do next

Question 27

Feedback

Answer 27

In rehearsal, this works well as long as it is not overdone.

To maximize its effectiveness, it should be given both orally and in writing.

Question 28

Homework

Answer 28

sometimes called “empowering assignments” or “between-session tasks”-helps ppl practice the skills learned in counseling sessions and generalize such skills to relevant areas of their lives.

Question 29

paradoxical homework

Answer 29

an attempt to create the opposite effect

Question 30

behavioral homework

Answer 30

practicing a new skill

Question 31

risk-taking homework

Answer 31

doing something that is feared

Question 32

thinking homework

Answer 32

mulling over select thoughts

Question 33

written homework

Answer 33

keeping a log or journal

Question 34

bibliotherapeutic homework

Answer 34

reading, listening or viewing literature

Question 35

not doing anything homework

Answer 35

taking a break from one’s usual habits

Question 36

Circular counseling

Answer 36

the same ground is covered over and over again.

Question 37

Transference

Answer 37

the client’s projection of past or present feelings, attitudes, or desires onto the counselor

Question 38

transference pull

Answer 38

An image generated through the use of personality, and a particular theoretical approach. The way the counselor sits, speaks, gestures or looks may trigger a client’s reaction.

A client reacts to the image of the counselor in terms of the client’s personal background and current conditions

An example of such an occurrence is a client saying to a counselor, “You sound just like my mother.” The statement in and of itself may be observational. But if the client starts behaving as if the counselor were the client’s mother, transference has occurred.

Question 39

Direct transference

Answer 39

represented by the example of the client who thinks of the counselor as his or her mother.

Question 40

Indirect transference

Answer 40

This type of transference is usually revealed in client statements or actions that are not obviously directly related to the counselor

e.g., “Talk is cheap and ineffective” or, “I think counseling is the experience I’ve always wanted”

Question 41

Negative transference

Answer 41

This type of transference occurs when the client accuses the counselor of neglecting or acting negatively toward him or her.

Although painful to handle initially, it must be worked through for the counseling relationship to get back to reality and ultimately be productive.

It has a direct impact on the quality of the relationship.

Question 42

Positive transference

Answer 42

This type of transference, especially a mild form such as client admiration for the counselor, may not be readily acknowledged because it appears at first to add something to the relationship

Indirect or mild forms of positive transference are least harmful to the work of the counselor and client.

Question 43

Countertransference

Answer 43

This type of transference refers to the counselor’s projected emotional reaction to or behavior toward the client.

It may be irrational, interpersonally stressful, and neurotic—emanating from the counselor’s own unresolved issues.

Question 44

classic approach to countertransference

Answer 44

seen negatively and viewed as the direct or indirect unconscious reaction of the counselor to the client.

Question 45

Total approach to countertransference

Answer 45

sees countertransference as more positive. From this perspective, countertransference is a diagnostic tool for understanding aspects of the client’s unconscious motivations

Question 46

Over identification

Answer 46

counselors lose their ability to remain emotionally distant from the client.

Question 47

Disidentification

Answer 47

counselors become emotionally removed from the client-

aloof, nonempathetic, hostile, cold, or antagonistic.

Question 48

Genuineness

Answer 48

the intent to avoid deception, including self-deception

Question 49

realism

Answer 49

perceiving or experiencing the other in ways that benefit the other

Question 50

Real

Answer 50

by being genuine (owning their thoughts and feelings), trying to facilitate genuineness in their clients, and attempting to see and understand clients in a realistic manner.

Question 51

Social construction perspective

Answer 51

the process by which people come to describe, explain, or otherwise account for the world (including themselves) in which they live

Question 52

posttraumatic growth

Answer 52

positive life changes that come about as a result of suffering or struggling with natural or human-made traumatic events, such as hurricanes and wars

Question 53

Fading

Answer 53

clients gradually stop receiving reinforcement from counselors for behaving in certain ways, and appointments are spread out.

Question 54

Recycling

Answer 54

reexamining the counseling process, counselor and client can decide how or whether to revise and reinvest in the counseling process.