Chapter 3

Question 1

Ethnographic variables

Answer 1

ethnicity, nationality, religion, and language

Question 2

Demographic variables

Answer 2

age, gender, place of residence,

Question 3

Culture

Answer 3

any group of people who identify or associate with one another on the basis of some common purpose, need, or similarity of background

Question 4

Webs of significance

Answer 4

learned experiences, beliefs, and values.

Question 5

Etic perspective

Answer 5

a counseling perspective that universal qualities exist in counseling that are culturally generalizable

Question 6

Emic perspective

Answer 6

a perspective that assumes counseling approaches must be designed to be culturally specific

Question 7

Culturally encapsulated counselor

Answer 7

a counselor who disregards cultural differences and works under the mistaken assumption that theories and techniques are equally applicable to all people

Question 8

Multicultural counseling

Answer 8

the fourth force of counseling—following psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic concepts of counseling.

Question 9

between-groups differences

Answer 9

differences that are commonly manifested among persons in diverse racial/ethnic/cultural groups

Question 10

within-group differences

Answer 10

the differences that are routinely manifested among persons in the same racial/cultural groups

Question 11

cultural expertise

Answer 11

effectiveness in more than one culture

Question 12

cultural intentionality

Answer 12

awareness of individual differences within each culture

Question 13

Broaching

Answer 13

where the counselor listens for the relevance of culture and introduces issues that influence explicitly as part of the presenting issue of the client

Question 14

Overculturalizing

Answer 14

mistaking people’s reactions to poverty and discrimination for their cultural pattern

Question 15

Racism

Answer 15

an oppressive act by which a majority culture exercises power and privilege over those in nondominant groups

Question 16

Cultural bias

Answer 16

the tendency to think one’s own culture is superior to others.
It is present in the majority and minority counselors and in the past has spilled over into counseling theories and practices

Question 17

White privilege

Answer 17

majority cultures may carry attitudes of superiority and privilege. In American society, such privilege is based on skin color. It is a reward that is not based on merit and is often ignored by those who have it, which can cause them to neglect or be prejudiced to those who are not the same as them.

Question 18

White racial identity development

Answer 18

This model proposes a development movement of those with White skin through a stage process to a nonracist White identity

Question 19

Racial microaggressions

Answer 19

any action, attitude, comment, or gesture individuals experience as inappropriate or hurtful based on their personal history and characteristics

Question 20

Microassaults

Answer 20

similar to old-fashioned racism and are deliberate, conscious, and overt, such as refusing to serve someone because of the color of the person’s skin;

Question 21

Microinsults

Answer 21

verbally, nonverbally, or environmentally demean a person’s racial identity or heritage
“You are a credit to your race”

Question 22

Microinvalidations

Answer 22

actions that exclude, negate or nullify psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiences of a person, such as being ignored or served last

Question 23

Filial therapy

Answer 23

positive behavioral or symptomatic changes result from a changed parent-child relationship rather than specific problem-focused strategies.

Question 24

color-blind racial ideology

Answer 24

the idea that race and racism do not matter and do not play important roles in the current social and economic climate.