Chapter 3 Flashcards
Ethnographic variables
ethnicity, nationality, religion, and language
Demographic variables
age, gender, place of residence,
Culture
any group of people who identify or associate with one another on the basis of some common purpose, need, or similarity of background
Webs of significance
learned experiences, beliefs, and values.
Etic perspective
a counseling perspective that universal qualities exist in counseling that are culturally generalizable
Emic perspective
a perspective that assumes counseling approaches must be designed to be culturally specific
Culturally encapsulated counselor
a counselor who disregards cultural differences and works under the mistaken assumption that theories and techniques are equally applicable to all people
Multicultural counseling
the fourth force of counseling—following psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic concepts of counseling.
between-groups differences
differences that are commonly manifested among persons in diverse racial/ethnic/cultural groups
within-group differences
the differences that are routinely manifested among persons in the same racial/cultural groups
cultural expertise
effectiveness in more than one culture
cultural intentionality
awareness of individual differences within each culture
Broaching
where the counselor listens for the relevance of culture and introduces issues that influence explicitly as part of the presenting issue of the client
Overculturalizing
mistaking people’s reactions to poverty and discrimination for their cultural pattern
Racism
an oppressive act by which a majority culture exercises power and privilege over those in nondominant groups
Cultural bias
the tendency to think one’s own culture is superior to others.
It is present in the majority and minority counselors and in the past has spilled over into counseling theories and practices
White privilege
majority cultures may carry attitudes of superiority and privilege. In American society, such privilege is based on skin color. It is a reward that is not based on merit and is often ignored by those who have it, which can cause them to neglect or be prejudiced to those who are not the same as them.
White racial identity development
This model proposes a development movement of those with White skin through a stage process to a nonracist White identity
Racial microaggressions
any action, attitude, comment, or gesture individuals experience as inappropriate or hurtful based on their personal history and characteristics
Microassaults
similar to old-fashioned racism and are deliberate, conscious, and overt, such as refusing to serve someone because of the color of the person’s skin;
Microinsults
verbally, nonverbally, or environmentally demean a person’s racial identity or heritage
“You are a credit to your race”
Microinvalidations
actions that exclude, negate or nullify psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiences of a person, such as being ignored or served last
Filial therapy
positive behavioral or symptomatic changes result from a changed parent-child relationship rather than specific problem-focused strategies.
color-blind racial ideology
the idea that race and racism do not matter and do not play important roles in the current social and economic climate.
