Chapter 1

Question 1

solution-focused theory

Answer 1

• The emphasis of this approach the emphasis is on
  1) health
  2) strength.
• helps clients
  1) tap into their inner resources
  2) find solutions to situations that already exist in their lives
  3) some of which are universal in nature.

Question 2

stress-inoculation therapy

Answer 2

*Proactive, psychoeducational intervention that can be used in schools and with adults,
*An example of a present and future wellness emphasis approach.
* In this model, individuals are helped to
1)understand their problematic
situations,
2) acquire skills for coping with them
3) apply this knowledge to present and
even future events through the use of
imagery or simulated rehearsal.
*A cornerstone of the
developmental/wellness approach is its
stress on prevention and education

Question 3

cognitive complexity

Answer 3

the ability to absorb,
integrate,
make use of multiple perspectives

Question 4

cognitive complexity

Answer 4

• the ability to tolerate ambiguity,
• listen carefully,
• suspend judgments,
• look for evidence
• adjust opinions when new information becomes available,

Question 5

advocacy

Answer 5

Promoting an idea or a cause through public relations.

Question 6

social justice

Answer 6

The idea of creating a society or institution that

1) is based on the principles of equality,
2) that values human rights,
3) that recognizes the dignity of every human being.
* Counselors need to support and actively espouse client concerns and the profession of counseling on multiple levels.
* By doing so, they correct injustices and improve conditions for individuals, groups, and society

Question 7

nice counselor syndrome

Answer 7

do not exercise their needed roles as multicultural/social justice leaders, advocates, and change agents. The reason is that they are too focused on promoting harmony to move beyond the status quo. Such a stance reinforces inequities. Thus, part of being an advocate is for counselors to overcome fears of being rejected and personal discomforts.

Question 8

the process of creating change

Answer 8

• Entails “establishing a sense of social/political urgency regarding an issue,
• organizing and educating a group of people to initiate social/political change,
• developing a vision and strategy for such change,
• communicating the vision for that change,
• empowering broad-based action, *generating actual change

Question 9

working portfolio

Answer 9

Continuous collection of unabridged artifacts counselors can use as evidence of professional competence.

1) CV/resume,
2) documentation on counseling courses
3) practicum and internships
4) post-degree supervision,
5) work experience,
6) professional credentials,
7) continuing education,
8) presentations,
9) publications,
10) professional service.

Question 10

licensure

Answer 10

“the statutory process by which an agency of government, usually a state, grants permission to a person meeting predetermined qualifications to engage in a given occupation and/or use a particular title and to perform specified functions”

Question 11

certification

Answer 11

• basically implies that the person meets the minimum skills necessary to engage in that profession
• has no known character defects that would interfere with such a practice.

Question 12

registration

Answer 12

requires practitioners to submit information to the state concerning the nature of their practice.

Question 13

inspection

Answer 13

A process that “a state agency periodically examines the activities of a profession’s practitioners to ascertain whether they are practicing the profession in a fashion consistent with the public safety, health, and welfare”

May include a review of case notes on treatment during a specific period, a review of agency procedures, and personal interviews

Question 14

3 types of helpers

Answer 14

• Nonprofessional Helpers,
• Generalist Human Service Workers,
• Professional Helpers

Question 15

professional helpers

Answer 15

• counselors,
• psychologists,
• psychiatrists,
• social workers,
• psychiatric nurses,
• marriage and family therapists.
• Workers on this level have a specialized advanced degree
• have had supervised internships to help them prepare to deal with a plethora of situations.

Question 16

generalist human service workers

Answer 16

These individuals are usually human services workers who have received some formal training in human relations skills but work as part of a team rather than as individuals.

Question 17

counseling as defined by the ACA

Answer 17

A professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals.

Question 18

Progressive guidance movement of the early 1900s.

Answer 18

Its emphasis was on prevention and purposefulness—on helping individuals of all ages and stages avoid making bad choices in life while finding meaning, direction, and fulfillment in what they did.

Question 19

Guidance

Answer 19

Focuses on helping people make important choices that affect their lives, such as choosing a preferred lifestyle.

Question 20

Alone time

Answer 20

The intentional practice of devoting periods in their lives to

• silence
• solitude
• reflectivity.

Question 21

Wounded healer

Answer 21

The ability to work from a perspective of resolved emotional experience that has sensitized a person to self and others in a helpful way (Rollo May)

Question 22

Compassion fatigue

Answer 22

Indifference and apathy to those who are suffering, as a result of frequent or overexposure to people in need. It is characterized as

• an inability to react sympathetically or
• empathetically to a crisis or need situation.

Question 23

Burnout

Answer 23

consists of three components:

1) emotional and physical exhaustion,
2) cynicism,
3) decreased perceived efficacy

Question 24

Nonprofessional helpers

Answer 24

• friends,
• colleagues,
• untrained volunteers,
• supervisors who try to assist those in need in whatever ways they can.
• Nonprofessional helpers possess varying degrees of wisdom and skill.
• No specific educational requirements are involved,
• the level of helping varies greatly among people in this group.

Question 25

The biomedical model

Answer 25

Focuses on the physical processes thought to underlay mental and emotional disorders

Question 26

social work

Answer 26

differentiates itself from counseling, psychology, and psychiatry in that its mission includes

• mandates to negotiate social systems
• advocate for change,
• to understand clients’ habitats (physical and social settings within cultural contexts) and niches (statuses and roles in the community),
• to provide social services

Question 27

Attribution

Answer 27

What the counselor attributes the cause of a cli ent’s problem to (e.g., an external circumstance or an internal personality flaw).

Question 28

4 Main Attribution Models

Answer 28

• Medical Model,
• Moral Model,
• Compensatory Model,
• Enlightenment Model

Question 29

Compensatory Model

Answer 29

In the compensatory model, clients are held “responsible only for solving their problems but not for causing them”

• Essentially, clients are viewed as “suffering from the failure of their social environments to meet their needs”
• Therefore, counselors and clients form a partnership to overcome problems with the counselor taking a subordinate role and acting as a teacher who provides *education,
• skills,
• opportunities for clients.
• The drawback to this model is that clients may “feel undue pressure at having to continually solve problems they did not create.”

Question 30

Developmental counseling and therapy (DCT)

Answer 30

“specifically addresses the sequence and process of development as it occurs in the natural language of the interview”

Question 31

Dispositional

Answer 31

something that is within the individual and part of his or her psychological makeup.

Question 32

Enlightenment Model

Answer 32

This model holds “clients responsible for causing their problems but not for solving them”

• Clients are seen as “guilty individuals whose lives are out of control” (p. 304). *They need enlightenment into the nature of their problems and ways of resolving these problems that the counselor can provide.
• Whereas clients may feel relief in such an approach, the disadvantage in this model is that they may become dependent on the counselor who acts in the role of an authority figure, or
• they may structure their lives around external sources of authority after they have completed counseling.

Question 33

Medical Model

Answer 33

In this model, clients are not held responsible for either the cause of their problem or its solution”
Counselors who adopt this model act basically as experts and provide the necessary

Question 34

medical/pathological model of human nature

Answer 34

represented by those who base treatment plans in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Question 35

Moral Model

Answer 35

• This model is best typified by the self-help movement and is basically the opposite of the medical model.
• Clients are seen as responsible for both causing and solving their problems”
• Counselors are viewed primarily as coaches or motivators.
• The drawback to this model is that those who may be victims of circumstances may be held responsible for their own victimization.

Question 36

presentation portfolio

Answer 36

a portfolio that is more limited in nature and usually consists of materials needed for a particular project, such as becoming an expert witness in a court of law.

Question 37

Systems

Answer 37

• unified and organized set of ideas,
• principles,
• behaviors.
• Concerned with how the counselor approaches clients
• are interrelated to attributes and theories.

Question 38

Systems of Counseling

Answer 38

• DEVELOPMENTAL/WELLNESS APPROACH,

* THE MEDICAL/PATHOLOGICAL MODEL.

Question 39

The developmental/wellness perspective

Answer 39

a perspective based on stages various personality theorists have outlined that people go through as a normal part of human growth. Counseling from this perspective is premised on whether a problem a client is having is part of a developmental task of life or not.

Question 40

Wellness

Answer 40

a perspective that goes even further than development in emphasizing the positive nature and health of human beings “Counselors have historically been in the business of helping their clients identify their strengths and build on their strengths” In this perspective, individuals are seen as having the resources to solve their own problems in a practical, immediate way.