Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A.P. Biology > Chapter 54: Community Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 54: Community Ecology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

community

A

group of populations of different species living close enough to interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

interspecific interactions

A

competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, facilitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

competition

A

-/- interaction involving individuals of different species competing for a resource that limits their growth and survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

competitive exclusion

A

two species cannot coexist in the same place permanently if they compete for the same resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ecological niche

A

summary of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

resource partitioning

A

differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community (indicates past competition and evolution of niches)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fundamental niche often differs from

A

actual niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

character displacement

A

tendency for characteristics to diverge more in geographically overlapping populations than in geographically separate populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

geographically overlapping

A

sympatric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

geographically separate

A

alopatric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

predation

A

+/- interaction in which predator kills and eats prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cryptic coloration

A

camouflage makes it difficult to see prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

aposematic coloration

A

bright warning coloration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

disruptive coloration

A

makes outline of prey harder to see (stripes on a zebra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

batesian mimicry

A

harmless species imitate a harmful species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

two or more harmful species imitate each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

herbivory

A

+/- interaction in which organism eats parts of a plant or alga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

types of symbiosis

A

parisitism, mutualism, commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

parasitism

A

+/- interaction in which parasite derives nutrients from the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

endoparasites

A

parasites that live inside body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ectoparasites

A

parasites that live on the external surface of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mutualism

A

+/+ interaction in which both species benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

obligate mutualism

A

two species cannot survive without each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

facultative mutualism

A

two species can survive on their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

commensalism

A

+/0 interaction in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

facilitation

A

+/+ or +/0 interaction without living intimately as in symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

example of facilitation

A

trees shade ground and make soil more hospitable for salt marsh plants

28
Q

species diversity

A

variety of organisms that make up a community

29
Q

species richness

A

of different species

30
Q

relative abundance

A

proportion each represents of all individuals in the community

31
Q

Shannon diversity

A

H= -(plnp + plnp + …) p=relative abundance

higher H means more diversity

32
Q

more diverse communities tend to have

A

higher productivity and more stability

33
Q

trophic structure

A

feeding relationships between organisms

34
Q

food chain

A

transfer of energy from primary producer to consumers to decomposers

35
Q

food webs

A

food chains linked together

36
Q

energetic hypothesis

A

length of food chain is limited by inefficiency of food transfer (10%)

37
Q

biomass

A

total mass of all individuals in a population

38
Q

dynamic stability hypothesis

A

long food chains are less stable than short food chains

population disturbances at lower levels may cause local extinction of top level carnivores

39
Q

dominant species

A

species that are most abundant/have highest biomass

40
Q

keystone species

A

not usually abundant in a community but has control due to specific niche/role

41
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

species that dramatically alter their environment

42
Q

what do V, H, and arrows mean

A

vegetation
herbivore
change in biomass of one trophic level causes change in other trophic level

43
Q

V->H

A

increase in vegetation means increase in herbivores

44
Q

V

A

increase in herbivores causes decrease in vegetation

45
Q

VH

A

feedback flows in both directions

46
Q

bottom-up

A

unidirectional influence from lower to higher levels N->V->H->P

47
Q

top-down

A

predation limits community organization N

48
Q

biomanipulation

A

altering density of higher level consumers to prevent algal blooms and eutrophication

49
Q

stability

A

commuity’s tendency to reach and maintain a relatively constant composition of species

50
Q

F.E. Clements

A

community of plants had one state of equilibrium controlled by climate
biotic interaction caused plants in climax community to function as one superorganism

51
Q

A.G. Tansley

A

differences in soil, topography, etc. created a variety of communities

52
Q

H.A. Gleason

A

viewed communities as chance grouping of organisms because they have similar abiotic requirements

53
Q

nonequillibrium model

A

communities constantly changing after disturbance

54
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

moderate levels of disturbance allow for greater species diversity than do low/high levels of disturbance

55
Q

low levels of disturbance

A

allow completely dominant species to exclude less competitive spcies

56
Q

high levels of disturbance

A

creates too much stress, doesn’t allow community to rebuild itself

57
Q

small scale disturbance creates

A

different habitats within a community

58
Q

ecological succession

A

recolonization of species after a disturbance

59
Q

primary succession

A

beginning of recolonization in a lifeless area with little soil

60
Q

secondary succession

A

existing community disturbed but soil still in tact

61
Q

species-area curve

A

if all other factors are equal, larger geographic size means more species

62
Q

what impacts speciation of islands

A

immigration/emigration

size and distance from mainland

63
Q

island equilibrium model

A

when rate of extinction = rate of immigration

64
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing microorganisms

65
Q

zoonotic pathogens

A

transferred to humans from other animals via direct contact of through an intermediate

A.P. Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions