Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A.P. Biology > Chapter 51: Animal Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 51: Animal Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

behavior

A

action carried out by muscles under control of nervous system in response to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is behavior subject to natural selection?

A

it plays a role in survival, reproduction, and anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s first question to understand behavior

A
  1. What stimulus elicits behavior, what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s second question to understand behavior

A
  1. How does animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s third question to understand behavior

A
  1. How does behavior aid survival and reproduction?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s fourth question to understand behavior

A
  1. What is behavior/s evolutionary history?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

proximate causation

A

how a behavior occurs/is modified (Tinbergen’s first two questions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ultimate causation

A

why behavior occurs (Tinbergen’s second two questions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

behavioral ecology

A

study of ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fixed action pattern

A

sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

qualities of fixed action patterns

A

unchangeable

carried to completion once initiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sign stimulus

A

external cue that triggers the behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

migration

A

regular, long-distance change in location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

circadian clock

A

internal mechanism that maintains 24 hour cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

some animals can sense position in relation to

A

Earth’s magnetic field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

circannual rhythms

A

behavioral rhythms linked to seasonal cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

circannual rhythms influenced by

A

period of daylight and darkness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

signal

A

stimulus transmitted from one animal to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

communication

A

transmission/reception of signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stimulus response chain

A

response to each stimulus is the stimulus for the next behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

four types of communication

A

visual
chemical
tactile
auditory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Karl von Frisch

A

studied behavior of honeybees to decipher communication between bees about direction/location of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pheromones

A

chemical substances that allow animals to communicate through odors or taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pheromones are commonly related to

A

reproductive behavior among mammals and insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pheromones can serve as

A

alarm signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

innate behavior

A

behavior that is developmentally fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cross-fostering study

A

young of one species is placed in care of adults of another species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cross-fostering study answers

A

Tinbergen’s second question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

twin study

A

influence of genetics and environment in humans observed by studying twins raised apart vs. together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

learning

A

modification of behavior based on specific experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

imprinting

A

formation of long-lasting behavior at a specific stage in life to a particular individual or object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sensitive (critical) period

A

limited developmental phase during which imprinting can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

imprinting stimulus is _______ response is _______

A

external

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

geese imprinted on him instead of their mother

showed no recognition of their biological mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

pair-bond

A

strong attachment among mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how can pair-bond be missing

A

when species are raised by foster species

37
Q

spatial learning

A

establishment of a memory that reflects environment’s spatial structure

38
Q

example of spatial learning

A

digger wasps memorize location of burrow relative to landmarks

39
Q

cognitive map

A

representation in nervous system of spatial relationships between objects in animal’s surroundings

40
Q

associative learning

A

ability to link one environmental factor to another based on experience

41
Q

classical conditioning

A

arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome

42
Q

example of classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dog

43
Q

operant conditioning

A

associate behaviors with award of punishment

44
Q

why can’t some animals make certain connections

say they can link bad taste with a certain color but not a certain smell

A

the relationship was unlikely to happen in nature therefore natural selection did not make it happen

45
Q

cognition

A

process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement

46
Q

problem solving

A

cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of obstacles

47
Q

social learning

A

learning through observing others

48
Q

culture

A

system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population

49
Q

changes as a result of culture occur how compared to changes as result of natural selection

A

much quicker

50
Q

foraging

A

food obtaining behavior

51
Q

fruit fly foraging in low population densities

A

traveling short distances is more beneficial (forS allele)

52
Q

fruit fly foraging in high population densities

A

traveling long distances to get food is more beneficial (forR allele)

53
Q

foraging behavior must compromise between

A

benefits of nutrition and cost of obtaining food

54
Q

cost

A

energy spent getting food and risk of being eaten

55
Q

optimal foraging model

A

natural selection should favor foraging behavior that minimizes cost and maximizes benefits

56
Q

risk of predation influences

A

behavior

57
Q

promiscuous

A

no strong pair-bonds

58
Q

monogamous

A

one male and one female, usually morphologically alike

59
Q

polygamous

A

one individual of one sex and many of the other, usually morphologically different

60
Q

polygyny

A

many females

males are dimorphic, showy

61
Q

polyandry

A

many males

females are dimorphic, showy

62
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

extent to which males and females differ in appearance

63
Q

certainty of paternity

A

how sure the male can be that his mate is carrying his offpsring

64
Q

certainty of paternity plays role in

A

mating behavior and parental care

65
Q

certainty of paternity is low in

A

internal fertilization

66
Q

certainty of paternity is high in

A

external fertilization

67
Q

intersexual selection

A

members of one sex choose mate based on characteristics of the other sex

68
Q

intrasexual selection

A

competition between members of one sex for mates

69
Q

ornaments

A

sign of health and vitality

70
Q

why does imprinting influence female’s attraction towards ornaments?

A

females imprint on appearance of father

71
Q

mate-choice copying

A

behavior in which individuals in population copy the mate choice of others

72
Q

why is mate-choice copying beneficial?

A

mating with males that other females find attractive increases chance that offspring will be found attractive and pass on genetic info

73
Q

agonistic behavior

A

ritualized contest between males in which winner gets access to resource (usually food or mates)

74
Q

game theory

A

evaluates alternative strategies in situations where outcome depends on strategies of all individuals involved (like rock, paper, scissors)

75
Q

fru

A

gene that controls courtship behavior in fruit-flies

76
Q

case study of garter snakes

A

coastal snakes eat banana slugs; inland snakes do not

some could smell some couldn’t, gene of smelling was passed on and they followed the source of food to the coast

77
Q

altruism

A

behavior that reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of other individuals in the population

78
Q

example of altruism

A

Belding’s ground squirrel gives call when predator is potted - warns others but gives away location

79
Q

inclusive fitness

A

total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and aiding relatives to allow them to produce offspring

80
Q

factors of inclusive fitness

A

benefit to recipient
cost to altruist
coefficient of relatedness

81
Q

cost (C)

A

how many fewer offspring the altruist produces

82
Q

benefit (B)

A

average number of extra offspring that beneficiary produces

83
Q

coefficient of relatedness (r)

A

fraction of genes that are shared on average between beneficiary and offspring

84
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

rB > C

natural selection favors altruism when benefits are greater than costs

85
Q

kin selection

A

natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives

86
Q

recipricol altruism

A

altruism that occurs between unrelated individuals with the expectation that it will be returned in the future

87
Q

cheating

A

not returning favors to individuals who have been helpful in the past

88
Q

tit-for-tat

A

if one individual cheats, the altruistic individual retaliates but becomes cooperative when the other cooperates

89
Q

sociobiology

A

certain behavioral characteristics exist because they are expressions of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection

A.P. Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions