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A.P. Biology > Chapter 51: Animal Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 51: Animal Behavior Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

behavior

A

action carried out by muscles under control of nervous system in response to a stimulus

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2
Q

why is behavior subject to natural selection?

A

it plays a role in survival, reproduction, and anatomy

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3
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s first question to understand behavior

A
  1. What stimulus elicits behavior, what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
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4
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s second question to understand behavior

A
  1. How does animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
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5
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s third question to understand behavior

A
  1. How does behavior aid survival and reproduction?
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6
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s fourth question to understand behavior

A
  1. What is behavior/s evolutionary history?
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7
Q

proximate causation

A

how a behavior occurs/is modified (Tinbergen’s first two questions)

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8
Q

ultimate causation

A

why behavior occurs (Tinbergen’s second two questions)

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9
Q

behavioral ecology

A

study of ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior

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10
Q

fixed action pattern

A

sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus

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11
Q

qualities of fixed action patterns

A

unchangeable

carried to completion once initiated

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12
Q

sign stimulus

A

external cue that triggers the behavior

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13
Q

migration

A

regular, long-distance change in location

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14
Q

circadian clock

A

internal mechanism that maintains 24 hour cycle

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15
Q

some animals can sense position in relation to

A

Earth’s magnetic field

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16
Q

circannual rhythms

A

behavioral rhythms linked to seasonal cycle

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17
Q

circannual rhythms influenced by

A

period of daylight and darkness

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18
Q

signal

A

stimulus transmitted from one animal to another

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19
Q

communication

A

transmission/reception of signals

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20
Q

stimulus response chain

A

response to each stimulus is the stimulus for the next behavior

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21
Q

four types of communication

A

visual
chemical
tactile
auditory

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22
Q

Karl von Frisch

A

studied behavior of honeybees to decipher communication between bees about direction/location of food

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23
Q

pheromones

A

chemical substances that allow animals to communicate through odors or taste

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24
Q

pheromones are commonly related to

A

reproductive behavior among mammals and insects

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25
pheromones can serve as
alarm signals
26
innate behavior
behavior that is developmentally fixed
27
cross-fostering study
young of one species is placed in care of adults of another species
28
cross-fostering study answers
Tinbergen's second question
29
twin study
influence of genetics and environment in humans observed by studying twins raised apart vs. together
30
learning
modification of behavior based on specific experiences
31
imprinting
formation of long-lasting behavior at a specific stage in life to a particular individual or object
32
sensitive (critical) period
limited developmental phase during which imprinting can occur
33
imprinting stimulus is _______ response is _______
external | innate
34
Konrad Lorenz
geese imprinted on him instead of their mother | showed no recognition of their biological mother
35
pair-bond
strong attachment among mates
36
how can pair-bond be missing
when species are raised by foster species
37
spatial learning
establishment of a memory that reflects environment's spatial structure
38
example of spatial learning
digger wasps memorize location of burrow relative to landmarks
39
cognitive map
representation in nervous system of spatial relationships between objects in animal's surroundings
40
associative learning
ability to link one environmental factor to another based on experience
41
classical conditioning
arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome
42
example of classical conditioning
Pavlov's dog
43
operant conditioning
associate behaviors with award of punishment
44
why can't some animals make certain connections | say they can link bad taste with a certain color but not a certain smell
the relationship was unlikely to happen in nature therefore natural selection did not make it happen
45
cognition
process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement
46
problem solving
cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of obstacles
47
social learning
learning through observing others
48
culture
system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population
49
changes as a result of culture occur how compared to changes as result of natural selection
much quicker
50
foraging
food obtaining behavior
51
fruit fly foraging in low population densities
traveling short distances is more beneficial (forS allele)
52
fruit fly foraging in high population densities
traveling long distances to get food is more beneficial (forR allele)
53
foraging behavior must compromise between
benefits of nutrition and cost of obtaining food
54
cost
energy spent getting food and risk of being eaten
55
optimal foraging model
natural selection should favor foraging behavior that minimizes cost and maximizes benefits
56
risk of predation influences
behavior
57
promiscuous
no strong pair-bonds
58
monogamous
one male and one female, usually morphologically alike
59
polygamous
one individual of one sex and many of the other, usually morphologically different
60
polygyny
many females | males are dimorphic, showy
61
polyandry
many males | females are dimorphic, showy
62
sexual dimorphism
extent to which males and females differ in appearance
63
certainty of paternity
how sure the male can be that his mate is carrying his offpsring
64
certainty of paternity plays role in
mating behavior and parental care
65
certainty of paternity is low in
internal fertilization
66
certainty of paternity is high in
external fertilization
67
intersexual selection
members of one sex choose mate based on characteristics of the other sex
68
intrasexual selection
competition between members of one sex for mates
69
ornaments
sign of health and vitality
70
why does imprinting influence female's attraction towards ornaments?
females imprint on appearance of father
71
mate-choice copying
behavior in which individuals in population copy the mate choice of others
72
why is mate-choice copying beneficial?
mating with males that other females find attractive increases chance that offspring will be found attractive and pass on genetic info
73
agonistic behavior
ritualized contest between males in which winner gets access to resource (usually food or mates)
74
game theory
evaluates alternative strategies in situations where outcome depends on strategies of all individuals involved (like rock, paper, scissors)
75
fru
gene that controls courtship behavior in fruit-flies
76
case study of garter snakes
coastal snakes eat banana slugs; inland snakes do not | some could smell some couldn't, gene of smelling was passed on and they followed the source of food to the coast
77
altruism
behavior that reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of other individuals in the population
78
example of altruism
Belding's ground squirrel gives call when predator is potted - warns others but gives away location
79
inclusive fitness
total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and aiding relatives to allow them to produce offspring
80
factors of inclusive fitness
benefit to recipient cost to altruist coefficient of relatedness
81
cost (C)
how many fewer offspring the altruist produces
82
benefit (B)
average number of extra offspring that beneficiary produces
83
coefficient of relatedness (r)
fraction of genes that are shared on average between beneficiary and offspring
84
Hamilton's rule
rB > C | natural selection favors altruism when benefits are greater than costs
85
kin selection
natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives
86
recipricol altruism
altruism that occurs between unrelated individuals with the expectation that it will be returned in the future
87
cheating
not returning favors to individuals who have been helpful in the past
88
tit-for-tat
if one individual cheats, the altruistic individual retaliates but becomes cooperative when the other cooperates
89
sociobiology
certain behavioral characteristics exist because they are expressions of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection

A.P. Biology (6 decks)

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