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A.P. Biology > Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere > Flashcards

Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecology

A

scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

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2
Q

global ecology

A

examines influence of exchange of energy/materials on organisms across the biosphere

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3
Q

biosphere

A

all ecosystems and landscapes of the planet

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4
Q

landscape ecology

A

factors controlling exchange of energy, material, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

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5
Q

landscape

A

multiple connected ecosystems

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6
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and environment

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7
Q

ecosystem

A

community of organisms in an area and physical factors with which they interact

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8
Q

community ecology

A

how community structure and organization are affected by interactions between species

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9
Q

community

A

group of populations of different species in an area

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10
Q

population ecology

A

analyzes factors affecting population size over time

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11
Q

population

A

group of individuals of same species in an area

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12
Q

organismal ecology

A

how organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges

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13
Q

organismal ecology includes

A

physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology

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14
Q

climate

A

long-term weather conditions in a given area

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15
Q

climate is most significant influence on

A

distribution of organisms

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16
Q

components of climate

A

temperature, precipitation, sunlight, wind

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17
Q

macroclimate

A

climate patterns on global, regional, and landscape scale

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18
Q

microclimate

A

fine, localized climate patterns

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19
Q

global climate patterns determined by

A

input of solar energy and Earth’s movement in space

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20
Q

tropics

A

regions between 23.5 degrees north and south

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21
Q

high temperatures and evaporation in tropics cause

A

lots of precipitation

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22
Q

air flows towards from tropics towards poles so 30 degrees north and south have

A

dry, arid climate

air picks up moisture across the land

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23
Q

around 60 degrees north and south

A

water content is dumped

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24
Q

from 60 degrees north and south, air continues to flow towards poles causing

A

cold and rainless climate

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25
Q

which wind patterns are favored due to the rotation of the Earth?

A

easterly and westerly

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26
Q

easterly winds

A

cool winds blowing east to west in tropics

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27
Q

westerly winds

A

blow west to east in temperate zones

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28
Q

seasonality

A

Earth’s rotation and tilted axis cause strong seasonal cycles in middle/high altitudes

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29
Q

in june earth is tilted

A

towards sun

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30
Q

in december earth is tilted

A

away from sun

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31
Q

Earth has constant tilt of

A

23.5 degrees

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32
Q

September and March equinoxes

A

no tilt towards/away from sun - exactly 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness

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33
Q

bodies of water impact climate by

A

heating/cooling of air masses by ocean currents

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34
Q

impact on climate by water during the day

A

land hotter than water, cool wind from water across land

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35
Q

impact on climate by water during the night

A

water hotter than land, cool wind from land to water

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36
Q

mediterranean climate

A

hot, arid climate inland due to cool ocean breeze absorbing moisture
around Mediterranean Sea, southern CA, southwestern Australia

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37
Q

mountains impact climate cause

A

warm, moist air approaches mountain, rises, and dumps water content creating a rain shadow

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38
Q

impact of rain shadow on leeward side of mountain

A

dry, desert conditions as air picks up moisture

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39
Q

every 1000m increase in elevation causes a

A

6 degrees Celsius drop in temperature

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40
Q

regional and local climate impacted by

A

seasonality, bodies of water, mountains

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41
Q

microclimate influence by

A

shade, evaporation from soil, wind patterns

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42
Q

abiotic factors

A

nonliving (chemical and physical) factors

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43
Q

biotic factors

A

living factors

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44
Q

abiotic and biotic factors factors make up

A

environment

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45
Q

global climate change

A

large-scale change in climate affects biosphere and thus distribution of organisms

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46
Q

last seen example of global climate change

A

end of most recent Ice Age

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47
Q

biomes

A

major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial) and physical environment (aquatic)

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48
Q

climograph

A

plot of annual mean temperature and precipitation in a region

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49
Q

biomes characterized by

A

major physical/climate features, predominant vegetation, microorganisms, fungi, animals

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50
Q

ecotone

A

area of intergradation between different biomes

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51
Q

vertical layering

A

upper canopy, low-tree layer, shrub understory, ground layer, forest floor (litter layer), and root layer

52
Q

vertical layering allows for

A

variation of habitat

53
Q

disturbance

A

event that changes a community removing organisms from it and altering resource availability

54
Q

disturbance causes biomes to exhibit

A

several different communities

55
Q

tropical forest

A

equatorial and subequatorial regions

much precipitation, high temperatures

56
Q

tropical forests have highest

A

animal diversity of all biomes

57
Q

how have humans impacted tropical forests

A

deforestation

58
Q

desert

A

30 degrees north or south; interior areas of land

little precipitation, great variation in temperature

59
Q

how have humans impacted deserts

A

irrigated agriculture has reduced biodiversity

60
Q

savanna

A

equatorial and subequatorial regions

some rainfall, hot weather but still exhibits seasons

61
Q

how have humans impacted savannas

A

cattle ranching and overhunting

62
Q

chaparral

A

midlatitude and coastal regions

rainy winters, dry summers; seasonal temperature range

63
Q

how have humans impacted chaparrals

A

agriculture, urbanization, fires

64
Q

locations of temperate grasslands

A

veldts of South Africa, puszta of Hungary, pampas of Argentina and Uruguay, steppes of Russia, and central North America

65
Q

conditions of temperate grasslands

A

dry winters, wet summers
some rainfall, occasional drought
seasonal temperature range

66
Q

how have humans impacted temperate grasslands

A

agriculture and overgrazing - some turned to deserts

67
Q

taiga

A

northern North America and Eurasia

medium precipitation, periodic drought; seasonal temperature range

68
Q

taiga is largest

A

terrestrial biome

69
Q

how have humans impacted taigas

A

logged at rate quicker than can be regrown

70
Q

temperate broadleaf forests

A

midlatitude

decent amount of precipitation; seasonal temperature range

71
Q

how have humans impacted temperate broadleaf forests

A

heavily settled by humans, used for agriculture

72
Q

tundra

A

20% of earth’s land in the Arctic

some precipitation, cold temperatures

73
Q

alpine tundra

A

very high altitude, high wind, low temperature, high precipitation

74
Q

how have humans impacted tundras

A

used for mineral and oil extraction

75
Q

aquatic biomes characterized by

A

physical environment

76
Q

marine biome salt concentration

A

3%

77
Q

freshwater biome salt concentration

A

0.1%

78
Q

freshwater biomes effected by

A

soil and biotic components of surrounding terrestrial biomes

79
Q

photic zone

A

where light is sufficient enough for photosynthesis

80
Q

aphotic zone

A

where little light penetrates

81
Q

photic and aphotic zones make up

A

pelagic zone

82
Q

abyssal zone

A

ocean that is 2000-6000m belos surface

83
Q

benthic zone

A

bottom of all aquatic biomes made up of sands, sediments

84
Q

benthos

A

communities of organisms that inhabit the benthic zone

85
Q

detritus

A

dead organic matter that is food for many benthic species

86
Q

thermocline

A

layer of abrupt temperature change due to sunlight penetration

87
Q

turnover

A

oxygenated water from surface of lake moves to bottom in the spring and autumn, sending nutrient water to the surface

88
Q

littoral zone (lakes)

A

closer to land

89
Q

limnetic zone (lakes)

A

farther from land

90
Q

intertidal, neritic, and oceanic zones

A

distance from shore and water depth

91
Q

stratification in lakes

A

light decreases with depth

92
Q

temperate lakes have _____ thermocline

A

seasonal

93
Q

tropical lakes have _____ thermocline

A

all year round

94
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

nutrient poor, oxygen rich

95
Q

eutrophic lakes

A

nutrient rich, oxygen poor in summer and winter

96
Q

oligotrophic lake may become eutrophic due to

A

runoff adding nutrients and sediments

97
Q

runoff from fertilized land causes nutrient enrichment which can lead too

A

algal blooms, oxygen depletion, fish death

98
Q

wetlands

A

habitat flooded some of the time

99
Q

how have humans impacted wetlands

A

draining and filling has destroyed 90% of wetlands

100
Q

temperature of streams vs. rivers

A

streams tend to be colder, rivers tend to be warmer

101
Q

how do salt and nutrient content vary in rivers

A

increase from headwaters to mouth

102
Q

how have humans impacted rivers

A

pollution, damming and flood control

103
Q

estuary

A

transition between river and sea, salinity varies with tides

104
Q

how have humans impacted estuaries

A

filling, dredging, pollution

105
Q

intertidal zones

A

areas periodically submerged and exposed by tides (twice daily on marine shores)

106
Q

how have humans impacted estuaries

A

oil pollution and construction of jetties

107
Q

ocean pelagic zone

A

open water constantly mixed by wind and currents

high oxygen levels, low nutrient levels

108
Q

how have humans impacted ocean pelagic zone

A

overfishing and pollution

109
Q

coral reefs formed from

A

calcium carbonate skeleton of corals

high oxygen levels, high inputs of freshwater and nutrients

110
Q

progression of coral reefs

A

fringing reef to barrier reef to coral atoll

111
Q

how have humans impacted coral reefs

A

collecting of coral skeletons, overfishing, pollution

112
Q

marine benthic zone

A

seafloor below surface waters

receives no sunlight, low temperature, high pressure

113
Q

deep-sea hydrothermal vents support life of

A

chemoautotrophic prokaryotes

114
Q

how have humans impacted marine benthic zone

A

overfishing and dumping

115
Q

ecological time

A

minute-to-minute time frame of interactions between organisms and environment

116
Q

evolutionary time

A

time frame of many generations

117
Q

dispersal

A

movement of individuals or gametes away from origin or centers of high population density

118
Q

long distance dispersal can lead to

A

adaptive radiation (rapid evolution)

119
Q

transplants

A

relocation of species to see if organism survives and reproduces

120
Q

why do ecologists observe transplants

A

to determine if dispersal limits distribution

121
Q

distribution may be limited by

A

habitat selection behavior

122
Q

predators may limit distribution of

A

prey (which may limit distribution of plants)

123
Q

examples of biotic limitations

A

pollinators, food resources, parasites, pathogens, competing organisms

124
Q

abiotic limitations

A

temperature, water availability, oxygen content, sunlight, salt concentration (aquatic biomes)

125
Q

abiotic limitations of plants (indirectly impacts animals)

A

pH, mieral composition, structure of rocks/soil

A.P. Biology (6 decks)

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