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A&P : Unit 1 > Chapter 5.2 : The Four Tissue Types > Flashcards

Chapter 5.2 : The Four Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

What is tissue?

A

a group of similar cells
– arise from the same region of the embryo
– a tissue type has cells with similar structure and function
– tissue types work together to perform a specific physiological function within
an organ.

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2
Q

What are the four tissue types?

A

epithelial / muscle / nervous / connective

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3
Q

The four primary tissues differ from one another by

A

– function of their cells and the form of the matrix
– the type of the matrix (material made by cells and secreted outside of the cell’s plasma membrane) will determine the characteristic of the tissue.
– The ratio between cell and matrix volumes helps to define the tissue type // amount of space occupied by the cell and its matrix

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4
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Internal communication

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves
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5
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contracts to cause movement

  • Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
  • Muscles of heart (cardiac)
  • Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
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6
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

  • Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs
  • Skin surface (epidermis)
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7
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together

  • Bones
  • Tendons
  • Fat and other soft padding tissue
  • Blood
  • Fat
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8
Q

Epithelial forms the ____ and ______ of the body

A

forms the coverings and linings of the body

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9
Q

Muscle tissue is _______ & able to _____

A

excitable ; shorten

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10
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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11
Q

Connective tissue

A

most abundent & varied tissue type

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12
Q

Connective tissue types:

A

– Fibrous loose (areolar and reticular)
– Fibrous dense (regular or irregular)
– Fibroblasts – cell type
– Adipose – cell type
– Bone – a connective tissue type
– Blood – a connective tissue type
– Cartilage (hyaline / elastic / fibrous)

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13
Q

Nervous

A

excitable tissue & voluntary or involuntary

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14
Q

The four primary tissues differ from one another by

A

– function of their cells and the form of the matrix
– the type of the matrix (material made by cells and secreted outside of the cell’s plasma membrane) will determine the characteristic of the tissue.
– The ratio between cell and matrix volumes helps to define the tissue type // amount of space occupied by the cell and its matrix

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15
Q

matrix is composed of

A

“hydrated” fibrous proteins /// clear gel substance (the
“glue” that holds cells together)

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16
Q

Matrix also called:

A
  • ground substance
  • tissue fluid
  • extracellular fluid (ECF)
  • interstitial fluid
  • tissue gel
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17
Q

apical

A

upper surface usually exposed to the
environment or an internal space in the body

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18
Q

basal surface

A

the part of the cell that attaches to the basement membrane

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19
Q

Epithelial Tissue make up most ___

A

glands

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20
Q

Epithelial Tissue is avascular

A

tissue allows no room for
blood vessels

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21
Q

Under the basement membrane of the epithelial tissue is ____

A

Loose connective tissue

provide blood vessels for nutrient procurement and
waste removal

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22
Q

Basal lamina

A

produced by epithelial cells

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23
Q

Reticular lamina

A

produced by fibroblast

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24
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

basement membrane thickens – this reduces diffusion
between dermis and epithelium

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25
Q

Basement membrane

A

matrix layer between epithelial tissue and the underlying connective tissue

anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it

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26
Q

Epithelial tissue has two “sides”

A

basal surface and apical surface

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27
Q

basal surface

A

surface of an epithelial cell that faces the
basement membrane

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28
Q

apical surface

A

surface of an epithelial cell that faces
away from the basement membrane

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29
Q

Simple epithelium

A

contains one layer of cells
– all cells touch the basement membrane

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30
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

– contains more than one layer
– named by shape of apical cells
– some cells rest on top of others and they do
not touch basement membrane

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31
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

unicellular gland /// wine glass shaped mucus secreting cells found in simple columnar
and pseudostratified epithelia

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32
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

endothelium, and serosa

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33
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

bronchioles, and kidney tubules

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34
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

lining of GI tract

35
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelium

A

respiratory tract

36
Q

Stratified Epithelia (most widespread epithelium in the body)

A

cells resting directly on other cells

deepest layers undergo continuous mitosis

37
Q

two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia

A

keratinized and nonkeratinized

38
Q

keratinized

A

found on skin surface, abrasion resistant

39
Q

nonkeratinized

A

lacks surface layer of dead cells (e.g. lining of
mouth and vagina)

40
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

A

Cutaneous membrane (i.e. skin)

41
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

A

adult vagina, oral cavity, esophagus
* note: prior to puberty lining of vagina is simple nonkeratinized epithelium

42
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

sweat gland ducts

43
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

ureter and bladder

  • multilayered epithelium surface cells that change
    from round to flat when stretched
  • allows for filling of urinary tract
44
Q

Four types of epithelial membranes

A

– cutaneous membrane (covered in Chapter 5)
– serous membrane (serosa)
– mucous membrane (mucosa)
– synovial membrane (not a true epithelial cell line)

45
Q

Synovial membrane

A

lines joint cavities

cells which form this membrane are not epithelial but connective tissue cells

46
Q

Mucous Membranes (The Mucosa) consists of three layers:

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria – areolar connective tissue
  • muscularis mucosae – smooth muscle layer
47
Q

Serous membrane (serosa)

A

internal membrane
simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue
produces serous fluid that arises from blood
covers organs and lines walls of body cavities

48
Q

What is a gland?

A

A gland may be a single cell or a group of cells
Glands releases substance onto a free surface (i.e.
exocrine) or into the blood (i.e. endocrine)

composed of epithelial tissue

49
Q

merocrine glands

A

AKA eccrine

cell’s secretion delivered to surface by way of a
duct

50
Q

endocrine glands

A

secretory product is a molecule which is
released into the blood

51
Q

hormones

A

Cell’s secretory product / messenger molecule

52
Q

unicellular glands

A

found in epithelium that is predominantly non-secretory tissue

– can be endocrine or exocrine
– mucus-secreting goblet or endocrine cells of stomach and small intestine

53
Q

Goblet Cells Are ____Gland

A

Unicellular

54
Q

Exocrine Gland Secretions

A

serous glands and mucous glands

Serous membranes secret things from tiny wholes like tears milk etc.

55
Q

How do vfdc glands excrete their product.

A
56
Q

How do Merocrine glands excrete their product. (AKA ____?)

A

Cell product excreted by exocytosis

57
Q

How do Apocrine glands excrete their product.

A

pinches off part of the cells cytoplasm to release
secretion

58
Q

How do Holocrine glands excrete their product.

A

Cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates

59
Q

Connective Tissue Has Many Functions. What are they

A

binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport

60
Q

Connective Tissue

A

binds organs to each other // support and protect organs

61
Q

connective tissue cells usually occupy ___space than the
_____ material

A

less ; extracellular

62
Q

Connective Tissue is the “highway” used by ___ to transit the human body (endoreticular system)

A

WBC

63
Q

Connective Tissue are constructed by

A

cells, extracellular fibers, and matrix

64
Q

fibroblasts

A

produce different types of fibers (e.g. collagen,
elastic, reticular) and ground substance

65
Q

adipocytes

A

store triglycerides (fat molecules)

66
Q

Collagenous fibers

A

most abundant of the body’s proteins –
25%

67
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A

reticular fibers, elastic fibers,

68
Q

Ground Substance

A

(part of the matrix / CT fibers embedded in GS)

69
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

a type of GAG

nicknamed - “the glue that holds our cells together”

70
Q

loose connective tissue

A

either as areolar or reticular

71
Q

dense regular

A

(tendons & ligaments)

72
Q

dense irregular

A

(forms sheets which surround organs or structured
as 3D tissue as in the dermis)

73
Q

Areolar CT (fibrous loose)

A

underlies all epithelia, between muscles
loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of
seemingly empty space

74
Q

Reticular CT

A

stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs

75
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

cushions organs

fat

76
Q

white fat

A

stores energy
and used to make ATP for cellular work

77
Q

brown fat

A

– in fetuses, infants, children – converted
directly into heat // not used to do cellular work

78
Q

adipocytes

A

the dominant cell type

79
Q

space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries

A

areolar tissue

80
Q

fat is the body’s primary ____________ /// also provides ________

A

energy reservoir ; thermal insulation

81
Q

Cartilage is produced by

A

chondrocytes

82
Q

types of cartilage vary with fiber types

A

– hyaline cartilage
– fibrocartilage
– elastic cartilage

83
Q

Does cartilage have blood vessels?

A

no

84
Q

intercellular junctions

A

connections between cells

A&P : Unit 1 (11 decks)

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