Chapter 4.2 : Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Protein synthesis

Answer 1

the process of making protein

Question 2

How molecular information is transferred from genes to proteins

Answer 2

DNA, mRNA, then protein!

Question 3

Transcription

Answer 3

copying genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA

This occurs in the nucleus where DNA is located

Question 4

Transcription factors

Answer 4

these are molecules used to “turn on or turn off”
transcription // regulators of protein synthesis /// e.g. micro-RNAs

They are like start and stop signs so that we only transcribe what we need to make the protein we are looking to make.

Question 5

Translation

Answer 5

Process that converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids

Question 6

__-__% of proteins are synthesized inside the nucleus

Answer 6

15 ; 20

Question 7

mRNA

Answer 7

Protein code transcribed off DNA

They are a transcription off a small portion of DNA

Question 8

There are __ amino acids

Answer 8

20

Question 9

To code for one amino acid the cell needs a sequence of three nucleotides in the DNA. This is called a

Answer 9

base triplet

It’s the three nucleotides on DNA that the mRNA copies to get it’s codon

(Remember: DNA pairs with DNA as A-T and C-G, but when DNA transcribes unto mRNA the pattern is A-U and C-G)

Question 10

The DNA’s base triplet is “transcribed” into mRNA. The three nucleotide sequence in the mRNA is called a

Answer 10

codon

Question 11

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is located in the. There are __ tRNA. Each
rRNA carries a different ____. A three nucleotide sequence on tRNA complementing the mRNA codon is called the ___.

Answer 11

cytoplasm ; 20 ; amino acid ; anticodon

Question 12

Ribosomes (rRNA)

Answer 12

is a docking station for mRNA or a “platform” // this is
where the sequence of nucleotides are “decoded” into sequence of amino acids

Question 13

Protein synthesis occurs at two different locations within cytosol. Location determines where protein will be used, either inside cell or outside cell.

If they are made on the surface of rough ER (rough endoplasmic ribosomes) and nuclear envelope, they will be used ____ the cell

If they are made on free rRNA in cytoplasm (cytoplasmic ribosomes) // these proteins will be used ____ cell

Answer 13

outside ; inside

Question 14

protein made by protein synthesis will be either _____

Answer 14

structural or functional

Question 15

Protein synthesis ___ when the amino acid sequence (primary structure) has been assembled. To be functional, it must coil or fold into precise ____ and _____ structure

Answer 15

is not finished ; secondary ; tertiary

Question 16

What is the function of chaperone proteins?

Answer 16

These are pre-existing older proteins that complex with new proteins.

Chaperone proteins act as a template so new protein folds into the proper shapes

Question 17

Chaperone proteins are also know as

Answer 17

stress proteins or heat-shock proteins

This because they produce in response to heat or stress

Question 18

Chaperone proteins help damaged protein fold back into

Answer 18

correct functional shape

Question 19

Cytoplasmic ribosomes make proteins to be used ___ cell

Endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes make proteins to be used in ____ space

Answer 19

inside ; extracellular