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A&P : Unit 1 > Chapter 3 : Cell Form & Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3 : Cell Form & Function Flashcards

1
Q

The Modern Cell Theory

A

1 - All living organisms are composed of cells.

#2 - The cell is the structural organization of all organisms
(unicellular and multicellular life forms).
#3 - All cells come from preexisting cells (not from nonliving matter)

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2
Q

All life can trace their ancestry to the

A

same original cells

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3
Q

There are about _ different types of cells in the human body with many different shapes

A

200

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4
Q

Human cell size

A

15 micrometers

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5
Q

Red blood cell (RBC) cell size

A

7.5 µm

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6
Q

There are an estimated ____ cells in human body

A

50 trillion

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7
Q

Cell volume increases faster than the cells’ surface area
Therefore,

A

it is the lack of surface area that limits the size
of a cell as it enlarges.

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8
Q

1 micron

A

1 x 10 (to the 6th power) meters = 0.000001 meters

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9
Q

Factors affecting diffusion rate include:

A

temperature, molecular weight, steepness of concentrated gradient, membrane surface area, membrane permeability.

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a
“semi-permeable” membrane

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11
Q

Osmosis ___ require a semi-permeable membrane. Diffusion ____ require a semi-permeable membrane.

A

does; does not

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12
Q

osmotic pressure

A

The increase in hydrostatic pressure that stops osmosis

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13
Q

Osmolarity

A

number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution

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14
Q

osmole

A

One osmole equals a specific number of particles disolved in water

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15
Q

Osmolality

A

number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water

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16
Q

blood plasma has how many milli-osmoles per liter?

A

300 mOsm/L

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17
Q

What is Tonicity? What does does it depend on?

A

the ability of the solution around the cell to affect the fluid
volume and pressure of a cell

depends on concentration and permeability of solute

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18
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

cells absorb water, swell and may burst (lyse)

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19
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

cells lose water + shrivel (crenate)

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20
Q

Isotonic solution

A

cause no changes in cell volume or cell shape

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21
Q

What is filtration and what is its nickname?

A

water molecules and extremely
small solutes are forced to move
through a selectively permeable
membrane

Reverse osmosis

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22
Q

Aquaporins

A

channels formed by proteins in plasma membrane specialized for passage of water

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23
Q

Cells can increase the rate of osmosis by?

A

installing more aquaporins

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24
Q

The Intracellular Fluid (ICF), which makes up __% of the bodies fluid, consist of what parts of the cell?

A

60%

Cytoplasm and Nucleoplasm

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25
Q

Cytoplasm

A

between plasma membrane and
nuclear membrane

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26
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

fluid inside nucleus

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27
Q

The Extracellular fluid (ECF), the fluid outside
of the cell, makes up __% of the bodies fluids and consists of what two compartments?

A

40%

Interstitial Fluid and Vascular Fluid

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28
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

Fluid between cells

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29
Q

Vascular Fluid

A

Fluid inside blood vessels

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30
Q

plasma membrane

A

is an “active structure”

are selective permeability (know this ///
best description)

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31
Q

__% of molecules in plasma membrane are __. __% of these lipids are __

A

98% ; lipids ; 75% ; phospholipids

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32
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane chemical structure?

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, protein, and glycoproteins.

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33
Q

Cholesterol makes up how much percent of the membranes lipids? Does what to phospholipids and how? at normal temperatures make the membrane what? and form what in phospholipid bilayer?

A

– 20% of the membrane lipids
– holds phospholipids still // cholesterol’s -OH units link to fatty
acids
– at normal temperature makes membrane stronger and stiffen
membrane
– form “rafts” within phospholipid bilayer

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34
Q

Glycolipids make up how much percent of membrane lipids? Glycolipids are?

A

– 5% of the membrane lipids
– phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular
face
– contributes to glycocalyx

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35
Q

Proteins and Glycoproteins

A

Membrane proteins
– 2% of the molecules in plasma membrane
– 50% of its weight

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36
Q

Transmembrane proteins (Integral proteins)

A

– pass through membrane
– have hydrophilic regions in contact with
cytoplasm and extracellular fluid
– have hydrophobic regions that pass back and
forth through the lipid of the membrane
– most are glycoproteins
– can drift about freely in phospholipid film
– Other transmembrane protein anchored to
cytoskeleton

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37
Q

Most transmembrane proteins are ____

A

glycoproteins

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38
Q

Peripheral proteins are what kind of molecules? adhere to what? are usually tethered to what? what may bind to peripheral proteins?ww

A

– actin molecules
– adhere to the intracellar face of the membrane
– usually tethered to the cytoskeleton
– Integral proteins may bond to peripheral
proteins

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39
Q

Receptor membrane proteins

A

A receptor that binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells

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40
Q

Enzyme membrane protein

A

An enzyme that breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its effect

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41
Q

Ion Channel membrane protein

A

A channel protein that is constantly open and allows ions to pass into and out of the cell

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42
Q

Gated ion channel

A

A gated channel that opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times

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43
Q

Cell-identity marker membrane protein

A

A glycoprotein acting as a cell identity marker distinguishing the body’s own cells from foreign cells

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44
Q

Cell-adhesion molecule (CAM) membrane protein

A

A cell-adhesion molecule (CAM) that binds one cell to another

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45
Q

Uniport

A

carries only one solute at a time

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46
Q

Symport

A

carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in same
direction (cotransport)

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47
Q

Antiport

A

carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions
(counter transport)

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48
Q

What is the most important antiport in human physiology?

A

the sodium-potassium ATP-ase pump

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49
Q

Sodium-potassium ATP-ase pump

A

brings in two K+ and removes three Na+ from cell’s cytoplasm

active – uses ATP – pumps both ions against their concentration gradient

every cell in your body has this pump!

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50
Q

Glycoproteins and glycolipids contribute to the
formation of the

A

glycocalyx

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51
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrates on outer surface of the cell
carbohydrate coating on the cells surface
acts like a cell’s ‘identification tag’
“sugar” coating on cells

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52
Q

Glycocalyx are sugars that enable our immune system to do what?

A

identify our cells (“self”) from foreign cells
(non-self cells)

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53
Q

What are the two forms of
movement across the plasma membrane?

A

Passive process and active process

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54
Q

Does passive process move solutes up or down concentration gradient? Does passive process require energy? In passive process, which molecules diffuse across the membrane and which use channels, hydrophobic or hydrophilic molecules?

A

Down ; no energy required ; Hydrophobic molecules diffuse. Hydrophillic molecules must use a channel

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55
Q

Does active process move solutes up or down concentration gradient? Does passive process require energy? Does active process require a carrier?

A

up ; requires energy in the form of ATP ; require a carrier

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56
Q

carrier-mediated transport

A

solute through a membranedown its concentration gradient (diffusion!)

does not consume ATP

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57
Q

Regulated Facilitated Diffusion

A

“Gates” are opened and closed by using one of these three
stimuli: Ligands, Voltage, or Mechanical

58
Q

What kind of energy is used in secondary active transport?

A

Energy stored in the form of an ionic concentration gradient

59
Q

Pumps

A

Carrier proteins

the most important one being the sodium and potassium pump

60
Q

Sodium-potassium “ATP-ase” Pump

A

each pump cycle consumes one ATP
which is used to moves three Na+
ions out of the cell while moving two
K+ ions into the cell

61
Q

half of our daily calories are
consumed each day to power the

A

Na+ - K+ ATP pump

70% of the energy consumed by
brain // due to high level of action
potentials created by neurons!!

62
Q

Functions of Na+ - K+ ATP Pump

A

Secondary active transport system // glucose co-transport

63
Q

Transport Maximum (Tm)

A

As the solute concentration rises, the rate of
transport rises until carriers are saturated!

(Tina’s note: These transporters can only move so many things at a time

64
Q

Transport Vesicles

A

Cells Use Transport Vesicles to Move Large Particles or globs of
liquids (too large to pass through a channel) Across the Plasma Membrane

65
Q

Endocytosis

A

enter cell

66
Q

exocytosis

A

exit cell

67
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

receptor mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, bulk-phase endocytosis

68
Q

Phagocytosis

A

is an example of endocytosis used by WBC

69
Q

Bulk-phase Endocytosis

A

AKA: pinocytosis

70
Q

What are the three cytoplasm components:

A

Cytosol, Cytoskeleton, Organelles

71
Q

Cytosol (intracellualr fluid)

A

75 – 90% fluid // site of
many of the chemical reactions of the cell

72
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Collection of protein filaments and cylinders constructed from
protein subunits

73
Q

Organelles

A

specialized structures / some organelles surrounded by unit membranes so as to isolates cellular chemical reactions // other organelles are not surrounded by unit membranes

74
Q

What is the function of a cytoskeleton?

A

– determines shape of cell
– lends structural support
– organizes its contents
– directs movement of substances through the cell // cytoskeleton functions like a highway for transporting vesicles
– contributes to the movements of cell as a whole

75
Q

Three types of cytoskeletons:

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and
microtubules (Be able to identify them by a photo. Slide 65)

76
Q

Integrin (transmembrane proteins)

A

Allows Cytoskeleton to Connected to Extracellular Structures

77
Q

A microtubule is a cylinder of __ parallel strands called ________

A

13 : protofilaments

78
Q

protofilaments are long chains of globular proteins called

A

tubulin

79
Q

Microtubules radiate from where and hold what in place?

A

microtubules radiate from centrosome and hold organelles in place

80
Q

motor proteins

A

‘walk’ along microtubules carrying organelles and other
macromolecules to specific locations in the cell

81
Q

Are microtubules permanent structures?

A

no

82
Q

tubulin ___and ____

A

assembles ; disassembles

83
Q

Moment by moment microtubules may change. This action also allows some cells to ____

A

“move”

84
Q

Nucleus

A

the “hard drive” of your computer

85
Q

How large is the nucleus? What is the percentage of the nucleus volume in the cell?

A

5 um (micrometer) in diameter ; 40%

86
Q

most cells have ___ nucleus. Some cell types are ____

A

one ; multinucleated

87
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

two unit membranes surround nucleus

88
Q

nuclear pores

A

Perforate nuclear envelope and are formed by rings of protein

  • regulate molecular traffic through envelope
  • hold two unit membranes together
  • provides points of attachment and organization for
    chromatin
  • plays role in regulation of the “cell cycle”
89
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of the nucleus

supports nuclear envelope and pores // provides points
of attachment and organization for chromatin

90
Q

Nucleoplasm is a web of ______ _______ and ___

A

protein filaments ; DNA

91
Q

chromatin

A

(thread-like matter) composed of DNA and
protein

92
Q

nucleoli

A

one or more dark masses inside nucleus
where ribosomes are produced

93
Q

centriole

A

are the “birthing station” for microtubules
a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each

94
Q

centresome

A

in most cells two centrioles are located at one pole
on the exterior surface of the nucleus in a region
called the centresome

95
Q

two centrioles lie _____ to each other // one
funtion is to play key role in ___ another
funtion is to produce _____ _____

A

perpendicular to each other ; cell division ; cytoskeleton’s microtubules

96
Q

What forms the basal body of cilia and flagella?

A

centrioles! YAY!

Single centriole play role in structure
and function of both cilia and flagella

97
Q

basal bodies originate in ___ ____ ____ and migrates to
plasma membrane

A

centriolar organizing center

98
Q

___ microtubules of each triplet elongate to form the nine pairs of peripheral microtubules of the ____

A

two ; axoneme

99
Q

cilium reaches full length in less than ______

A

one hour

100
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike processes

101
Q

Single non-motile cilia are also called? Are found on? function as? Sensory?

A

A single cilia is called a “primary cilium”.
They are found on all cells in the body.
Function as an “antenna’ for monitoring extracellular conditions. Sensory in inner ear, retina, nasal cavity, and kidney

102
Q

Multiple motile cilia function

A

sweep substances across surface in same
direction

103
Q

Axoneme

A

core of cilia that is the structural basis for ciliary movement

104
Q

The axoneme has a 9+2 structure of microtubules

A

– 9 pairs form basal body inside the cell
membrane // anchors cilium
– dynein arms “crawls” up adjacent
microtubule bending the cilia // uses
energy from ATP

105
Q

Saline Layer

____ pumps pump __ into ECF
____ and ___ follows

A

Layer above plasma membrane that cilia “whip” in

chloride ; Cl-
Na+ ; H20

106
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps, but fail to install them in the plasma membrane

chloride pumps fail to create adequate
saline layer on cell surface

thick mucus plugs pancreatic ducts and
respiratory tract
– inadequate digestion of nutrients and
absorption of oxygen
– chronic respiratory infections
– life expectancy of 30

107
Q

Flagella

A

whiplike structure with axoneme identical to cilium
movement is more undulating, snakelike

108
Q

The only functional flagellum is

A

the tail of the male’s sperm

109
Q

Microvilli size

A

1-2 um (micrometers)

110
Q

Microvilli function

A

increase cell’s surface area
specialized in absorption
gives 15 – 40 times more absorptive surface area
Microvilli “act like a sponge”

111
Q

on some cells, microvilli are very dense and appear as a
fringe ______

A

“brush border”

112
Q

What is “milking action of actin”

A

actin filaments shorten microvilli, pushing absorbed contents down into cell

113
Q

Ribosomes

A

“protein factories”

complex of small granules of protein and RNA

they ‘read’ coded genetic messages (messenger RNA) and
assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code

114
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

found in nucleoli, in cytosol, on outer surfaces of rough
ER, and in nuclear envelope

115
Q

“Two type of ribosomes // make protein either for _____ or ____”

A

internal use ; export outside cell

116
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of interconnected channels called cisternae enclosed by unit membrane

117
Q

cisternae

A

system of interconnected channels on ER enclosed by unit membrane

118
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

-produces the phospholipids and proteins of the
plasma membrane
-synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other
-organelles or secreted from cell
have cisternae connected by perpendicular bridges

119
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lack ribosomes
cisternae more tubular and branching
synthesizes steroids and other lipids
detoxifies alcohol and other drugs
manufactures all membranes of the cell

120
Q

Golgi Complex is a small system of cisternae that synthesize
______ and put the finishing touches on ____ and
_______ _______

A

carbohydrates ; protein ; glycoprotein synthesis

121
Q

Golgi Complex receives newly synthesized proteins from ___

A

rough ER

sorts them, cuts and splices some of them, adds
carbohydrate moieties to some, and packages the protein
into membrane-bound Golgi vesicles

Think of it as the post office of the cell!

122
Q

Lysosomes

A

package of enzymes bound by a single unit membrane //
extremely variable in shape

They destroy cells that are considered waste

intracellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substances

123
Q

Lysosomes fuse with vesicles from ____ to form ____ . They
___ content of phagosomes

A

endocytosis ; phagosome ; digest

124
Q

Membrane pumps move ___ into lysosomes because enzymes work best in ___ environment

A

protons ; acid

125
Q

autophagy

A

digest and dispose of worn out mitochondria and other
organelles

126
Q

autolysis

A

‘cell suicide’ – some cells are meant to do a certain job and
then destroy themselves

127
Q

Pertaining to lysosomes, digested content in ___ may also fuse with ___ and release digested content into ______.

A

phagosome ; plasma membrane ; interstitial space

128
Q

Peroxisomes

A

resemble lysosomes but contain different
enzymes /// used to destroy toxic molecules

129
Q

How do peroxisomes oxidize organic molecules?

A

Use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules – take
hydrogen off molecules (creates free radicals like hydrogen
peroxide)

130
Q

Peroxisomes neutralize and detoxify what?

A

neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and a
variety of blood-borne toxins

131
Q

Peroxisomes are present in all cells, but abundant in

A

liver and kidney

132
Q

Proteasomes

A

Digest old or no longer needed cytoplasmic proteins

Tubular structure with no unit membranes

133
Q

Proteasomes turn protein into _____

A

amino acids which are reused to make new protein

134
Q

Proteins to be digested by proteasome must be “tagged” by
______

A

ubiquitin

135
Q

Proteasomes are extremely ____ organelles

A

small

136
Q

Proteins enter interior of the tubular proteasome and ____ are broken

A

peptide bonds

137
Q

Proteasomes are also found in ____

A

nucleoplasm

138
Q

Mitochondrion

A

“Powerhouses” of the cell

organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP

energy is extracted from organic molecules
and transferred to ATP

139
Q

Mitochondria come in a variety of shapes and are surrounded by a double unit membrane. What are the parts of this double unit membrane?

A

– inner membrane has folds called cristae
– spaces between cristae are called matrix

140
Q

Mitochondria have their “own”
genetic information.

A

All mitochondria are “maternal”
meaning they come from the
egg. (sperm do not contribute
any mitochondria to the zygote)

Mitochondria’s DNA is a
“circular” chromosome” //
prokaryote architecture.
At one time in history
mitochondria lived as an
independent self sustaining
organism. Much like the bacteria
of today.

A&P : Unit 1 (11 decks)

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