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A&P : Unit 1 > Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of structure.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of function.

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3
Q

Anatomy and physiology are complementary

A

They are never entirely separable

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4
Q

What are the 4 ways we physically study the human body?

A

Inspection (Looking)
Palpation (Touching)
Ausculation (Listening)
Percussion (Looking, touching, and listening)

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5
Q

Radiology

A

The branch of medicine concerned with medical imaging

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6
Q

Gross anatomy

A

structure that can be seen with the naked eye

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7
Q

Histology

A

microscopic anatomy

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8
Q

Histopathology

A

the microscopic examination of tissues for disease

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9
Q

Cytology

A

the study of the structure and function of individua cells

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10
Q

Ultrastructure

A

fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope.

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11
Q

(Much of what we know about bodily function has been gained through) comparative physiology

A

Study of different species to learn about bodily functions

Comparative physiology is the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures.

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12
Q

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes are the people who invented…

A

The Scientific Method

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13
Q

A proof in science requires…

A

Reliable observations
Has been tested and confirmed repeated
Not falsified by any credible observation

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14
Q

In science all truth is ____

A

tentative

“proof beyond reasonable doubt”

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15
Q

Falsifiability

A

if we claim something is scientifically true,
then we must be able to specify what evidence it would
take to prove it wrong

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16
Q

Inductive Method

A

First prescribed by Bacon,

Is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them

What we know about anatomy is from the inductive method

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17
Q

Hypothetico-Deductive Method steps

A
  1. Ask a question
  2. Formulate a hypothesis
  3. Experiment
  4. Analyze data
  5. Share results with peers
  6. Conduct more research
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18
Q

Two Different Approaches to the Scientific Method

A

Hypothetico-Deductive Method
AND
Inductive Method

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19
Q

Reductionism

A

theory that a large, complex system such as the human
body can be understood by studying its simpler
components

20
Q

Holism

A

there are ‘emergent properties’ of the whole organism
that cannot be predicted from the properties of the
separate parts

21
Q

Starting from the smallest unit and going to the largest unit, what is the the order of the Hierarchy of Complexity

A

Atom
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

22
Q

How many organ systems are there? What are they?

A

11

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic (Immune)
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

23
Q

What is homeostasis? (The answer is the first part of the homeostasis paragraph we were told to memorize for unit 1)

A

Homeostasis is the ability of a system to resist change. In the human body, our organs function to resist change in the internal environment, the interstitial fluid surrounding our cells.

24
Q

What is the purpose of homeostasis?

A

To create a stable internal environment around our cells

25
Q

Feedback loop

A

Mechanisms that make adjustments to maintain homeostasis.

26
Q

Interstitial space

A

The gel state around our cells

27
Q

What is the relationship between cells and organs?

A

Nutrients must be brought to the cells, moved into the cells, metabolism occurs, waste products secreted out of cells space and excreted from body.

28
Q

What are the 3 components of a feedback loop?

A

Receptor
Integrating Center
Effector

29
Q

What is another name for the Integrating Center step in a feedback loop?

A

Control center

30
Q

Receptor

A

Senses change in the body. Detects a stimulus

31
Q

Stimulus

A

Change in the internal environment

32
Q

Integrating Center (Control Center)

A

control center that processes the sensory information, ‘makes a decision’, and directs the response

33
Q

Effector

A

carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

34
Q

The hypothalamus is the “boss” for both the

A

ANS and the endocrine system

35
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

State of the body fluctuates within limited range around a set point

36
Q

Loss of homeostasis causes

A

illness and/or death

37
Q

Homeostasis is the foundation of _____

A

medicine

38
Q

What parts of the brain deal with the relationship between stress and homeostasis?

A

My understanding of this is that the cerebral cortex understands that you are stressed and it sends a signal to the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that deals with the endocrine and autonomic nervous system).

The hypothalamus sends out signals to the body to release hormones (endocrine system) and to regulate homeostasis by raising or lowering blood pressure, heart rate, etc. (autonomic nervous system)

39
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

AC unit example

Helps to return the variable to the “set point”

This is Dynamic equilibrium

Almost everything in your physiology is maintained within a “normal range”

40
Q

Positive Feedback Loops

A

Described as a “Self-amplifying event”
Stimulus —> Response —> Stimulus —> Response —>

occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, fever, and the generation of nerve signals

41
Q

Which is more dangerous, Negative or Positive Feedback Loop?

A

Positive Feedback Loops

A fever is a good example of this

42
Q

Evolution

A

change in genetic composition in a population of an
organisms over time

43
Q

Natural Selection

A

some individuals within a species have hereditary
advantage over their other species

44
Q

selection pressures

A

natural forces that promote the reproductive
success of some individuals more than others // adaptation

45
Q

Who was the founder of classical genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

Deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as
distinct units

46
Q

What sparked modern molecular biology?

A

The discovery in 1953 of the double helix
twisted-ladder like structure of deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)

47
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence

Another definition for it:
“stably heritable phenotype resulting from changes in a
chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence”

A&P : Unit 1 (11 decks)

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