Chapter 52 Flashcards
scientific study of interactions between organisms and the environment (determine distribution of organisms and their abundance)
ecology
group of individuals of same species living in an area
population
group of populations of different species in an area
community
community of organisms of different species in a specific area and physical factors with which they interact
ecosystem
global ecosystem, sum of all planet’s ecosystems
biosphere
Ecological time is related to?
evolutionary time
Changes in ecosystems over time affect what?
evolution of a species
The major factor affecting where plants and animals live on Earth is?
climate
What are 4 major abiotic components?
- temperature
- water
- sunlight
- wind
weather patterns on global, regional, and landscape levels
macroclimate
Global climate patterns are determined largely by?
input of solar energy
Earth’s movement in space
Warming by ___ ___ establishes temperature variations, cycles of air and water movement, and evaporation of water.
solar energy (results in latitudinal variations in climate)
important factor because of effects on biological processes
temperature
Cells may freeze and rupture below
0 degrees Celsius
Most proteins denature above
45 degrees Celsius
Cells are mostly made up of
water
Light intensity and quality affect?
photosynthesis
In aquatic environments, plants live near?
the surface
Climate patterns can be modified by?
seasonal variation in climate, large bodies of water, and mountain ranges
Ocean currents influence climate along the coasts of continents by?
heating or cooling air passing over the land
air over the land heats up and rises, drawing cool air from the?
water onto the land
At night, temperatures drop more quickly over ___ than over ___.
land; water
can affect air flow over the land
mountains
Rising air increases moisture on ___ side of mountains and creates a “rain shadow” on the ___ side.
windward; leeward
Shaded areas experience ___ ___ ___ than cleared areas.
less temperature extremes
Low lying ground is usually ___ than higher ground.
wetter
A __ or __ can shelter plants and animals from extremes of temperature
log; stone
Temperature and moisture are most important factors in?
limiting geographic ranges of plants and animals
major life zones
biomes
Terrestrial biomes characterized by the type of
vegetation
Aquatic biomes characterized by
the physical environment
Salt water (marine) biomes have salt concentrations of around?
3%
Fresh water biomes have a salt concentration of?
less than 0.1%
largest marine biome
ocean
Oceans are ___ of Earth’s surface
75%
have a big impact on the biosphere
oceans
Affect global climate and wind patterns
ocean temperature
___ ___ and ___ ___ supply larger amounts of the world’s ___ and consume large amounts of ___ ___.
Marine algae; photosynthetic bacteria; oxygen; carbon dioxide
a temperature boundary that separates the warm upper layer from the deep cooler water in oceans
thermocline
Many lakes undergo a semiannual mixing of their waters called?
turnover
Turnover mixes ___ ___ from the surface with ___-___ ___ from the bottom.
oxygenated water; nutrient-rich water
