Chapter 5 Vocabulary Flashcards
A language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing in mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues.
Lingua Franca
A language that is written as well as spoken
Literary tradition
Countries with only one official language
Monolingual states
Countries in which more than one language is spoken
Multilingual states
The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking
Mutual intelligibility
I language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction
Official language
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
Pidgin language
A specific point on earth distinguished by a particular character
Place
Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of ancient Latin, Greek and Sanskirt languages, Which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to north Africa from North America through parts of Asia to Australia
Proto – Indo – European
Theory developed by a British scholar where in he proposed that three area in and near the first agricultural hearth, the fertile crescent, gave rise to three language families
Renfew hypothesis
The group of languages derived from Latin (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portuguese)
Romance languages
(Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian)developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present day Ukraine around 2000 years ago
Slavic languages
A gradual alteration of series of alterations in the pronunciation of a set of sounds, especially of vowels
Sound shift
A combination of Spanish and English
Spanglish
The variant of a language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, and is recognized by other states
Standard language
The name given to a portion of earths surface
Toponym
The Latin learned by people in provinces taken over by the Roman empire; it wasn’t to the standard literary form but a spoken form of Latin
Vulgar Latin
The technique used to track language back to its origin through comparing it to similar languages
Backwards reconstruction
The dialect of England associated with upper-class British people living in the London area, and now considered the standard dialect in the UK
British the revised pronunciation
Theory of the diffusion of the Proto-Indo- European language into Europe through the speakers over powering up earlier in habitants through warfare and technology
Conquest theory
A language that results from the mixing of the colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Creole language
The behaviors and believes characteristic of a particular social, economic, or age group
Culture
Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that preceded the extinct language
Deep reconstruction
A particular form of language that is peculiar to a specific region, or social group
Dialect
A set of contagious dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related
Dialect chains
Theory which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Porto-Indo – European war first carried east word into Southwest Asia, next around with the Caspian Sea and then across the Russian– Ukrainian planes and on into the Balkans
Dispersal hypothesis
Dialect spoken by some African-Americans
Ebonics
A language that is no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world
Extinct language
A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of Francias and anglais, The French words for French and English, respectively
Franglais
Languages (English, German, danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of northern Europe to the west and south
Germanic languages
Language spoken internationally, which is learned by many people as a second language.
Global language
The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letter in English
Ideograms
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
Isogloss
A system of communication, through the usage of speech, and collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning
Language
When a language branches off from its origin and makes a new one
Language branch
When a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language, and continued isolation causes new languages to be formed
Language divergence
Collection of languages related through a common ancestor long before recorded history
Language family
A group of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relativity recent past and display relativity few differences in grammar and vocabulary
Language group
