Chapter 10 Flashcards
General term for the business that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry
Agribusiness
The place from which agriculture, or a form of agriculture originates
Agricultural hearth
The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
Agriculture
The intentional growth of herds of animals by humans, rather than wild growth in nature
Animal domestication
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develops other micro- organisms for specific purposes
Biotechnology
Cereal grains include corn, oats, barley, etc… grains are the harvested seed portions of cereal crops; some are for human consumption, many for animal consumption
Cereal grains
Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing
Chaff
A machine that reaps threshes and cleans grain while moving over a field
Combine
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
Commercial agriculture
A grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season
Crop
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
Crop rotation
Degradation of land especially in semi- arid areas primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting animal grazing and tree cutting
Desertification
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
Dispersed settlement pattern
Harvesting twice a year from the same field
Double cropping
A crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important that capital or labor inputs in determining output
Extensive agriculture
Dating back 10,000 years, the first agricultural revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
First agricultural revolution
Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
Genetically modified organisms
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers
Green revolution
The cultivation of plants
Horticulture
The outer covering of a seed
Hull
A form of subsistence agriculture from which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
Intensive subsistence agriculture
Developed by Wladimir Koppen, A system for classifying the world climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation
Koppen climactic classification system
The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other by products such as leather and wool
Livestock ranching
Non-substance crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
Luxury crops
Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails
Mediterranean agriculture
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Milkshed
Dependence on a single agricultural commodity
Monoculture
Approach to farming and ranching that avoid the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs
Organic agriculture
Malay word for we rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah
Paddy
A form of substance agriculture based on herding animals
Pastoral nomadism
Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals as well as land used for grazing
Pasture
The intentional planting of seeds or root plants by humans, rather than wild growth in nature
Plant domestication
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organize to produce a cash crop; almost all plantations were established with the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holding or re-organized as cooperatives
Plantation agriculture
A machine that cuts grain standing in a field
Reaper
Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots, or the cutting from the plants
Root crops
A flooded field for growing rice
Sawah
Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, it witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce
Second agricultural revolution
Crop that is reproduce by cultivating the seeds of the plants
Seed crops
Cultivation of the crops and tropical forest clearings in which the force vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning; he’s clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forest land; also known as the slash and burn agriculture
Shifting cultivation
Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris
Slash and burn agriculture
Wheat planted in the spring in harvest in the late summer
Spring wheat
Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and Lowe technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade
Subsistence farming
Currently in progress, the third agricultural revolution has as it principal orientation the development of GMO’s
Third agricultural revolution
Farming methods that preserve long term productivity of land in minimizes pollution, typically by rotating soil restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides
Sustainable agriculture
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning
Swidden
To be out grain from Stocks by trampling it
Thresh
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastors
Transhumance
A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit making economy; a process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into your rings around a central market city with profit earning capability the determining force and how far a crop locate from the market
Von Thunen Model
Rice planted on a dryland in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
Wet rice
To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind
Winnow
Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in early summer
Winter wheat
Also called the public land survey the system was used by the US land office survey to parcel land west of the appellation Mountains the system device land into a series of rectangular parcels
Rectangular survey system
A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior
Townships and range the system
A system of land surveying east of the appellation Mountains it is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as dreams or trees because of the imprecise nature of metes and brown serving the US land office survey a band in the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system
Metes and bounds system
Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian maritimes parts of callback Louisiana and Texas whereby Landis divided into neural parcels stretching back from rivers roads or canals
Long lot serving system
