Chapter 5 Theories of Human Development Flashcards
_____ seeks to
understand how nature
and nurture combine to
produce human behavior
from womb to tomb.
Developmental Psychology
Cognitive Development
(Jean Piaget)
An organized way of interacting
with objects
Schema
Cognitive Development
(Jean Piaget)
Applying an old schema to new
objects or problems
Assimilation
Cognitive Development
(Jean Piaget)
Modifying an old schema to fit a
new object or problem.
Accommodation
Cognitive Development
(Jean Piaget)
The establishment of harmony or
balance between the two.
Equilibration
What are the 4 Stage of Cognitive Development
(Jean Piaget)
1.Sensorimotor
Stage(birth to almost
2 years)
- Preoperational
Stage (before 2 to 7
years) - Concrete
Operational
Stage (about 7 to 11
years) - Formal
operations
stage (about 11
years onward)
Cognitive Development:
________ Stage
Behavior is mostly simple motor
responses to sensory stimuli
For example, the grasp reflex and
the sucking reflex.
Infants respond only to what they
see and hear at the moment.
Children during this period fail to
respond to objects they remember
seeing even a few seconds ago.
Sensorimotor Stage
Cognitive Development:
Sensorimotor Stage
the idea that objects continue to exist
even when we do not see or hear
them.
Object Permanence
Cognitive Development:
Sensorimotor Stage
Infants show sign of self-recognition at
varying ages; the age when they first
show self-recognition is about the
same as when they begin to act
embarrassed (M. Lewis, Sullivan,
Stanger, & Weiss, 1991).
Self-Concept
Cognitive Development:
_________ Stage
A child lacks operations, which are reversible
mental processes.
By age 11⁄2 to 2, children begin speaking.
A child now understands object
permanence.
Three (3) typical aspects of preoperational
thought.
Egocentrism
Difficulty distinguishing appearance from
reality
Lack of the concept of conversation
Preoperational Stage
Cognitive Development:
Preoperational Stage
A child sees the world as centered
around himself or herself and cannot
easily take another person’s perspective.
Egocentrism
Cognitive Development:
Preoperational Stage
An understanding that other people have
a mind, too, and that each person knows
some things that other people don’t know
Theory of Mind
Cognitive Development:
Preoperational Stage
The knowledge that the appearance of
an object does not necessarily
correspond to its reality.
Difficulty Distinguishing
Appearance from Reality
Cognitive Development:
Preoperational Stage
Children fail to understand that objects
conserve such properties as number,
length, volume, area, and mass after
changes in the shape or arrangement of
the objects.
Concept of Conservation
Cognitive Development:
_____________ Stage
Children perform mental operations
on concrete objects but still have
trouble with abstract or hypothetical
ideas.
Children reason about concrete
problems but not abstractions.
Concrete Operational Stage
Cognitive Development:
_________ Stage
Children reach this stage at about age 11.
Adolescents develop logical, deductive reasoning and systematic
planning.
Later researchers found that many
people reach this stage later or not at all.
Formal Operational Stage
Achievements & Activities:
-Reacts to sensory stimuli through reflexes and others responses
Limitations:
-Little use of language, seems not to understand object permanence in the early part of this stage
Sensorimotor (birth to 1 1/2 years)
Achievements & Activities:
- Develops language can represent objects mentally by words and other symbols can respond to objects that are remembered but not present.
Limitations:
Lacks operations (reversible mental processes) lacks concept of conservation, focuses on one property at a time (such as width and length, trouble distinguishing appearance from reality
Preoperational ( 1 1/2 to 7 years)
Achievements & Activities:
- Understands conservation of mass, number, volume can reason logically with regard to concrete object
Limitations:
- trouble reasoning about concepts and hypothetical situations
Concrete operations (7 to 11 years)
Achievements & Activities:
-Can reason logically about abstract and hypothetical concepts, develops, strategies, plans actions in advance
Limitations:
-none beyond the occasional irrationalities of all human thought
Formal operations (11 yrs old onward)
Psychosocial Development
______ he divided the human life span into eight periods that he called ages or stages.
At each stage, he said, people have
specific tasks to master, and each
stage generates its own social and
emotional conflicts.
According to Erikson, failure to master
the task of any stage leaves unfortunate consequences that carry over to later stages.
Erik Erikson
What are the 8 Psychosocial Development
(Erik Erikson)
- Trust vs.
Mistrust (birth to 18
months) - Autonomy vs.
Shame & Doubt
(18 months to 3
years) - Initiative vs.
Guilt (3 years to 5
years) - Industry vs.
Inferiority (5 years to 12
years) - Identity vs.
Role Confusion
(12 years to 18
years) - Intimacy vs.
Isolation
(18 years to 40
years) - Generativity
vs. Stagnation
(40 years to 65
years) - Ego Integrity
vs. Despair
(65 years to
death)
Psychosocial Development:
_____________
This stage begins at birth continues to
approximately 18 months of age.
During this stage, the infant is uncertain
about the world in which they live, and
looks towards their primary caregiver for
stability and consistency of care.
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue
of hope.
Failing to acquire the virtue of hope will
lead to the development of fear.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Psychosocial Development:
_____________
This stage occurs between the ages of 18
months to approximately 3 years.
According to Erikson, children at this stage
are focused on developing a sense of
personal control over physical skills and a
sense of independence.
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue
of will.
If children are criticized, overly controlled,
they begin to feel inadequate in their
ability to survive
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Psychosocial Development:
_____________
Children assert themselves more frequently
through directing play and other social
interaction.
During this period the primary feature
involves the child regularly interacting with
other children at school. Central to this
stage is play, as it provides children with
the opportunity to explore their
interpersonal skills through initiating
activities.
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue
of purpose, while failure results in a sense
of guilt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Psychosocial Development:
_____________
Occurs during childhood between the
ages of five and twelve.
The child now feels the need to win
approval by demonstrating specific
competencies that are valued by society
and begin to develop a sense of pride in
their accomplishments.
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue
of competence. If the child cannot
develop the specific skill they feel society
is then they may develop a sense of
Inferiority
Industry vs. Inferiority
Psychosocial Development:
_____________
It occurs during adolescence, from about
12-18 years.
During this stage, adolescents search for
a sense of self and personal identity,
through an intense exploration of
personal values, beliefs, and goals.
Children are becoming more
independent, and begin to look at the
future in terms of career, relationships,
families, housing, etc. The individual
wants to belong to a society and fit in
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Psychosocial Development:
_____________
This stage takes place during
young adulthood between the
ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs.
During this stage, the major conflict
centers on forming intimate, loving
relationships with other people.
Avoiding intimacy, fearing
commitment and relationships can
lead to isolation, loneliness, and
sometimes depression. Success in
this stage will lead to the virtue of
love.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Psychosocial Development:
_____________
This stage takes place during during
middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 yrs).
We give back to society through raising
our children, being productive at work,
and becoming involved in community
activities and organizations.
Success leads to feelings of usefulness
and accomplishment, while failure results
in shallow involvement in the world.
By failing to find a way to contribute, we
become stagnant and feel unproductive
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Psychosocial Development:
___________
This stage begins at approximately
age 65 and ends at death.
Success in this stage will lead to the
virtue of wisdom. Wisdom enables
a person to look back on their life
with a sense of closure and
completeness, and also accept
death without fear.
Late life is characterized by both
integrity and despair as alternating
states that need to be balanced
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
Main conflict:
Basic trust versus mistrust
Typical Question:
Is my social world predictable and supportive?
Infant
WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
Main conflict:
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Typical Question:
Can I do things by myself or must I always rely on others?
Toddler (ages 1-3)
WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
Main conflict:
Initiative vs guilt
Typical Question:
Am I good or bad?
Preschool (ages 3-6)
WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
Main conflict:
Industry vs inferiority
Typical Question:
Am i successful or worthless?
Preadolescent (ages 6-12)
WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
Main conflict:
Identity vs. role confusion
Typical Question:
Who am I?
Adolescent (early teens)
WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
Main conflict:
Intimacy vs isolation
Typical Question:
Shall I share my life with another person or live alone?
Young adult (late teens and early 20s)
WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
Main conflict:
Genetativity vs stagnation
Typical Question:
Will I succeed in my life, both as a parent and as well as a worker?
Middle adult (late 20s to retirement)
WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
Main conflict:
Ego integrity vs despair
Typical Question:
Have I lived a full or have I failed?
Older adult (after retirement)
Moral Development
He broken down into 3 levels with 2 stages
per level
______ he believed not everyone
progresses to the highest stages of
moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
Moral Development
___________
Earliest period of moral development
Children’s decisions are primarily shaped
by the expectations of adults and the
consequences for breaking the rules
Preconventional Morality
What stage of Preconventional Morality?
People at this stage see rules as fixed and
absolute
Obeying the rules is important because it is a way to avoid punishment.
Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment)
What stage of Preconventional Morality?
Children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs
Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange)
Moral Development
______________________
Marked by the acceptance of social
rules regarding what is good and moral
Adolescents and adults internalize the
moral standards they have learned from
their role models and from society
Conventional Morality
What stage of Conventional Morality?
“good boy-good girl” orientation
living up to social expectations and roles
Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal
Relationships)
Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal
Relationships)
focused on ensuring that social order is
maintained
Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order)
Moral Development
______________________
People develop an understanding of
abstract principles of morality
Postconventional Morality
What stage of Postconventional Morality?
People at this stage account for the differing
values, opinions, and beliefs of other people
Rules of law are important for maintaining a
society, but members of the society should
agree upon these standards
Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual
Rights)
What stage of Postconventional Morality?
Based on universal ethical principles and
abstract reasoning
People follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules
Stage 6 (Universal Principles)
Psychosexual Development
_________ he emphasized the
first 4 to 5 years of life as the most crucial for personality development, which he called the infantile stage
Sigmund Freud
What are the 6 Psychosexual Development
(Sigmund Freud)
Oral Phase
Anal Phase
Phallic Phase
Latency Period
Genital Period
Maturity
Psychosexual Development:
Sigmund Freud
__________ (phase)
Birth to approximately 1 year old
During this time, the major source of
pleasure and potential conflict is the
mouth.
Infants gain pleasure through the act of
sucking
Infantile Period (Oral Phase)
Psychosexual Development:
Sigmund Freud
__________ (phase)
Expected to occur in the second
year of life
Major source of pleasure and
potential conflict is activities
involving the anus
This period is characterized by
satisfaction gained through
aggressive behavior and through
the excretory function
Anal Character; Anal Triad
Infantile Period (Anal Phase)
Psychosexual Development:
Sigmund Freud
__________ (phase)
At approximately 3 or 4 years of age
The characteristics of this stage are
pleasurable and conflicting feelings
associated with the genital organs.
During the phallic stage, masturbation is
nearly universal, but because parents
generally suppress these activities,
children usually repress their conscious
desire to masturbate by the time their
phallic period comes to an end
Infantile Period (Phallic Phase)
Psychosexual Development:
Infantile Period (Phallic Phase)
___________
An infant boy forms an identification with his father; that is,
he wants to be his father and
develops a sexual desire for his
mother; that is, he wants to have his
mother
Male Oedipus Complex
Psychosexual Development:
Infantile Period (Phallic Phase)
_________ the fear of
losing one’s penis
Castration Anxiety
Psychosexual Development:
Infantile Period (Phallic Phase)
_________ Penis Envy is the girls’ desire to
have a penis, which lasts for years
and is often expressed as a wish to
be a boy or a desire to have a man
The desire for sexual intercourse
with the father and accompanying
feelings of hostility for the mother
are known as the simple female
Oedipus complex
Female Oedipus Complex
Psychosexual Development:
Sigmund Freud
__________ (period)
4
th or 5th year until puberty - both boys
and girls usually, but not always, go
through a period of dormant
psychosexual development
Brought about partly by parents’
attempts to punish or discourage sexual
activity in their young children
Sexual impulses are channeled into
sports, intellectual interests, and peer
relations
Latency Period
Psychosexual Development:
Sigmund Freud
__________ (period)
Emerges at adolescence when the
genital organs mature
Adolescents direct their sexual energy
toward another person
Reproduction is now possible
For girls, the vagina finally obtains the
same status for them that they had for the
penis during infancy
Boys now see the female organ as a
sought-after object
Entire sexual drive takes on a more
complete organization
Genital Period
Psychosexual Development:
_____________
Attained after a person has passed
through the earlier developmental
periods in an ideal manner
Psychoanalytically mature individuals
satisfy their needs in socially approved
ways
The mature person is able to love in a
sexually approved way and also to work
productively in society.
Maturity
