Chapter 2.5 The Nervous System Flashcards
_______ is the body’s major communication and control network in the form of
electrical signals, and relayed constantly from the sense organs to and from the brain, through
complex networks of neurons on a timescale measured in milliseconds (Carter, Aldridge, Page &
Parker, 2019).
Nervous System
What are two main divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral nervous sytem (PNS)
It consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is the coordinating system for the body.
Central nervous system (CNS)
The _____ and the _____ together make up the CNS. These are encased and protected
by the skull and vertebral column respectively. It is the central organ of the CNS
brain and the spinal cord
The brain has three major divisions: ___, ____, ____
hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
It is a brain major division that consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum
Hindbrain
_____ It controls vital functions such as the
heartbeat, circulation and respiration and acts as a relay station for afferent
and efferent impulses. Its destruction results in immediate death
Medulla, or medulla oblongata
____ It controls the muscles of the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side. It acts as a relay station and involves in
reflexes controlling breathing. Damage to pons will lead to sleep
disturbances, sensory problems, arousal dysfunction and coma
Pons
____ It is a large hindbrain structure known for the control of movement, balance and coordination, and complex processing of information, such as executive functions and emotional processing. Abnormal development
of cerebellum leads to of autism spectrum disorder, in which language, cognition, and social awareness are severely afflicted
Cerebellum
It is a brain major division that consists of tectum and tegmentum
Midbrain
______ the swellings on each side of the tectum which are the superior
colliculus and the inferior colliculus are important for sensory processing like
hearing (inferior colliculus) and vision (superior colliculus).
Tectum
______ covers the substantia nigra, a dopamine-producer that facilitates readiness for movement and involved with rewardseeking behaviors. Degeneration of the substantia nigra occurs in Parkinson’s
disease, which is characterized by difficulties in initiating movement. The
ventral tegmental area (VTA) on the other hand is important in incentive
motivation (i.e., motivation to an appetitive stimulus, e.g., food, sex)
Tegmentum
It is a brain major division that consists of two cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary
gland, limbic system, and basal ganglia
Forebrain
_____ It processes most sensory input and sends output to the cerebral
cortex. Damage to the thalamus typically results in coma, and disturbances
in circuits linking the thalamus and cerebral cortex are involved in some
seizures
Thalamus
_______ It conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release
of hormones. directs the autonomic nervous system, the portion of the PNS
that controls our glands and organs. Damage to any hypothalamic nucleus
leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking,
temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fight- ing, or activity level.
Hypothalamus
______ It is a hormone-producing gland attached to the base of the
hypothalamus that synthesizes hormones that the blood carries to organs
through- out the body in response to messages from the hypothalamus.
Pituitary gland
_______ It covers the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus. Damage to the basal ganglia impairs movement, as in conditions such
as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease, also responsible for learned
skills and habits.
Basal Ganglia
______ It includes the hippocampus and amygdala which are involved in emotional and motivational processes, as well as learning and memory.
Limbic system
______ The two cerebral hemispheres (also called lobes) are both divided into four major divisions: ____ , ____ , _____, _____
Cerebrum ; four major divisions: (a) frontal, (b) parietal, (c) occipital and (d)
temporal.
The _____ is a long cylinder of nerve tissue that extends like a tail from the medulla.
* Serves as the pathway of information and protects us from injury through spinal reflexes
* Communicates with all the sense organs and muscles through its segmented structure.
spinal cord
Spinal cord has gray matter (H shaped) in the center of the cord which densely packed with cell bodies
and dendrites and the axons to the brain or to other parts of the spinal cord through the _______, containing myelinated axons.
white matter
It consists of peripheral nerves ang ganglia (spinal,
cranial, visceral nerves), the relaying system between brain and body.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
PNS is further subdivided into two functional divisions: ______, _______
Somatic nervous system (SNS), Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
_______ It controls voluntary movement. It is a complex
network of nerves extending across the body, branching out from 12 pairs of cranial nerves originating in the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves emanating from the spinal cord.
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
_____ It controls involuntary movement.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The
autonomic division can be split into: ____, ____
Sympathetic system (SANS), Parasympathetic system (PANS
_____ that controls for ‘fight or flight’ responses
Sympathetic system (SANS)
_____ that controls for ‘rest and digest’
responses.
Parasympathetic system (PANS
